I-Biograge
Izingxabano zokuthi ungayibiza kanjani i-sarre, okokugcina namuhla. UMartin Heidegger waqiniseka ukuthi uJean - uPaul ungumbhali, noVladimir Nabokov obizwa ngokuthi yifezeli. Kepha wonke umuntu uwaguqula ukuthi uphawu lomcabangi kanye nodokotela wezengqondo luyakufanela.IsiFulentshi esidumile sinabo bobabili abahloniphekayo nabagxeki. Owokuqala waphawula imibhalo lapho imicu ebomvu iyizihloko zobuwula bokuba yinto, inkululeko kanye nesizungu.
I-SARTRE ibizwa nge-Idol of Besezhabashnya Paris kanye nobaba we-specialism, okuthonye isikhathi, lapho anikezwe umklomelo kaNobel. Kepha ngamemezela ukuthi "inkululeko yakhe ukhetho lokuba uNkulunkulu!", Anikezele lutho.
Abaphikisi bezimfundiso ze-SARTRA bahlambalaza umlobi ngesanhlalo negama kungukuhlalisana kwezenhlalo, umuntu wawo owangela isicanucanu. Iqiniso lalinamathiselwe endaweni ethile phakathi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UJean-Paul Charles Emar Sardr - Parisan. UJobe wazalelwa ngoJuni 1905 emkhayeni we-burgeois. Izibulo akazange alikhumbule umzali - Isikhulu se-Navy: UJean-badingeli washona evela emkhunjini ophuzi lapho umfana egcwaliseka ngonyaka nezinyanga ezi-3. Kamuva, iNdodana kamvane ngokuthi "ngiyabonga" umzali, ebiza ukushona kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-SARTRA elorter kuphela: uBaba akazange amkhulise futhi angamcindezeli.
U-Ann-Marie Ballery ingane, uxolisa ukuthi uyakhula ngaphandle kukaYise. Esinye isizathu sokuba nesinambijana somama esinaphakade sabonakala umfana: UJean-Paul wazalwa ene-kosishing iso ne-belm ngakwesokudla. Ingane eyonakele iminyaka engu-12 yakhula nge-daffodil ne-egocentric. Kepha ebudaleni, isazi sefilosofi kanye ne-Essayist yavuma ukuthi eminyakeni yokuqala wazizwa njengethuluzi elibonakalayo, isidalwa esingenanjongo nenjongo. "
Umama wommeleli okhanyayo wokuba qotho kokuqothuka kwaqhamuka osolongo ososayensi be-Elsass. UCharles Schweitzer - Umkhulu uSartre - udokotela wezombuso wezombuso - isiJalimane, uSolwazi, usekelwe enhlokodolobha yaseFrance Limbistic University. Umalume - u-Albert Schweitzer - uNobel Laureate, isazi semfundiso yenkolo kanye nobuKristu bantu.
UZhan-Paul SARTE wakhulela oju lwezinyosi (ahlangana ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Seine), endlini kagogo odumile, lapho izihlobo zazo zizungeza umfana zinakekela futhi zithande. Kepha futhi azange balindele: "Kule noveli" amagama ", umlobi wabiza impilo endlini yesihogo, eyabusa ubuzenzisi obumangazayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umalume, otshalwe endlini eyodwa, wachaza isimo somndeni njengoba kufudumele.
Ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni, uSartra waba "umkhiqizo" wezemfundo. Ugogo uCatolika amaProthestani kanye namaProthestani amaProthestani ngeshwa, ehleka "uhhafu" wenkolo, lapho uJean-Paul ephetha ngokuthi izinkolo zazo zombili izinkolo zazingafanele ipeni.
Imfundo yezemfundo yefilosofi etholwe eLyceum yasePorta la Rochelle entshonalanga yeFrance, khona-ke kwi-Pris University University Normale SUP (isikole esiphakeme sakudala), selidlule umncintiswano onzima. Ngemuva kokuvikelwa kwe-dissertation yefilosofi futhi usebenze ngothisha wefilosofi eGavrian Lycerum ye-Sartre maphakathi nawo-1930s waya efundeni eBerlin. Ngemuva kokubuyela eParis, usosayensi osemusha wabuyela emsebenzini wothisha.
Ifilosofi nezincwadi
Izindatshana zokuqala ezibalulekile kuma-biographies kaJean-field SARTRA zivele ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s. Amakhasi okuqala enoveli elithi "NoseshNota" abhalwe eGavre. Ukushicilelwa ngo-1938 kwaba nomphumela webhomu eliphukile: Umlobi ukhombisa ubuwula bokuba, isiphithiphithi nokuphelelwa yithemba, mayelana nokuphamba kwempilo. Iqhawe lenoveli lifika esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona ubuciko bokuqamba.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uJean-Paul Sartre uletha ukumangala okusha - iqoqo lenoveli engu-5 "Lodonga", igama layo lanikeza le ndaba yokuqala. Yomibili le mibhalo iba yimicimbi ekhanyayo yokufunda isiFulentshi.
I-Jean-field eye yaqhamuka eJean-FieldS sartre Party: Ngenxa yobumpumputhe, amehlo akhe awathunyelwanga ngaphambili, kodwa emzimbeni we-meteorological. Ngemuva kokusebenza ngamaJalimane aseFrance, umlobi uchitha ekamu lokuhlushwa ngenxa yeziboshwa zempi uhhafu wonyaka, kodwa ngo-1941, uSartre wabuya wabuya.
Ngo-1943 kule ncwadi, ukudlala "izimpukane" kufinyelelwe. Inganekwane yasendulo yesiGreki isuselwa kumthombo wokuhlaziya izinkinga zesimanje.
Ngo-1943 nge-Jean-Field of Sartre Truemhal: Owesibili obizwa nge- "Ngemuva Kweminyango Evaliwe" kanye nomsebenzi "Ukungasebenzi futhi Akukho lutho" olungezwe "ezimpukane". Izincwadi zifunda izigidi, amaphephandaba kanye nomagazini alotshwa ngesazi sefilosofi esikhulu, i-Intellion yakhe eyize. Izincwadi ezishicilelwe zivumela i-SARTRA ukuthi ishiye ukufundisa nokugxila kwifilosofi nezincwadi.
Okomuntu waseFrance onobuhlakani obuhlakani, incwadi ethi "Genesis futhi akukho" kube yideskithophu. Intambo ebomvu ngokusebenza kwabasebenzi ngumcabango wokuthi akukho ungazi - kukhona kuphela umhlaba osizungezile. Umuntu unesibopho sezenzo eziphelele ezizayo nanoma ubani omunye.
Imibono kaJean-Field SARTra ithandwa kakhulu kangangokuba isazi sefilosofi iba yisithixo seParis, abalandeli bezimfundiso zakhe, abasha abasebasha, baya eParis "Cafe de Fleur". Ukuthandwa kwendawo yokuba qotho esizukulwaneni saseFrance saseFrance kuchazwa ngumoya wokufaka inkululeko, okuwo kuleyo minyaka umkhathi wawungafakwanga. Indoda ka-Sartrovsk "izoba mahhala" iba yisiqubulo esithi "fetish.
Ngo-1946, uJean-Paul Sartre wethule imibono kubafundi kanye nabalandeli ukudlala okusebenzayo okukodwa "okuhle kwe-slut". Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, i-Artes Films Studio idubule ifilimu lapho uLouis de Füne adlale ngayo. Futhi ngo-1955, eSoviet Union ekudlaleni, ukudlala "uLizzy McKei", indima enkulu lapho kudlalwa khona uthando luka-Orlov.
Emibhalweni yakhe, uJean-Paul Sartre wenqaba umbono othandwayo wabangazi kusuka ku-Sigmund Freud. Umcabangi waseFrance uthi uhlala wenza ngokunembeza, futhi azama ukubhala izenzo kokuthile okuzimele, ngokomzimba - umzamo wokugwema umthwalo wemfanelo. Ngokusho kukalorter, ngisho nokuhlaselwa kwama-hystereyies akuveli, futhi bagoqa ngonembeza.
Ngawo-1960 Starte in the Zenith of Inkazimulo. Ugxeka izikhungo zenhlalo ezikhona, ezisola ekungeneni kwamalungelo abantu, izinkambiso zomthetho zibiza ubunikazi bomazisi nemithetho - ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko. Abafundi be-Cummy baqinisekisa ukuthi umbhikisho wesikhathi esizenzile kanye nesikhathi esisodwa esiphikisana nezikhungo zenhlalo elungiselelwe: ukunyakaza okuhleliwe nohlelo futhi i-charter ye-sarre ayiboni.
Ngo-1964, i-polosofer yenqaba umklomelo kaNobel, ingafuni ukuthi iguqulwe 'isikhungo senhlalo', ayefika kuyo. Isazi sefilosofi saba uphawu lwenguquko yango-1968. Wavikela amaJuda, aveze izimpi zase-Algeria naseVietnam, ezisolwa ngeMelika ngokuhlaselwa kweCuba, kanye ne-USSR - eCzechoslovakia. Indawo yokuhlala yalo mholi yayiphindwe kabili, amabutho angena kumhleli.
Entwasahlobo yango-1968 ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwabafundi ngaphakathi kwabavukeli be-sorbonna abathunjiwe bavumele kuphela uJean-Giffs oneminyaka engama-63. Ngesikhathi sodlame oluhlotshaniswa nombhikisho olandelayo, umcabangi kanye nomfundi wezithixo baboshwe. UCharles de Gaulle, esezwile ngakho, uthe:
"AmaVoltaires eFrance awatshaleli."Ifilosofi yakhululwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Njengomfundi, uJean-Paul wahlangana noSimono de Blovar. Ukubonakala kwe-sarter (squint, amazinyo aphuzi, ubuso obuphuziwe, ukwanda kwe-1.58 m) akuzange kuyeke ubuhle obuncane. USimon wabhala ukuthi wahlangana namawele akhe nonkulunkulu. Umuntu ongaqandi ongabaziyo, i-Jean-yasendle ezungeza isixuku sokwenza isiFulentshi, kodwa ayengashiyanga kuze kube sekufeni.
ISartre noBovar baba ngabalingani bomphakathi, kepha kulo mshado kwakukhona okungajwayelekile kakhulu futhi kuhlambalaze kakhulu ngisho naseFrance ngama-NRAWALs akhe amahhala. Isazi sefilosofi sishintshe kaninginingi futhi obala, sathula, sashintshana nabesilisa nabesifazane. Umshado awuzange 'ubengenkimbinkimbi' nokuphila - abalingani babehlala emakhaya ahlukene futhi bahlangana lapho befuna.
Inoveli ene-aristocrat evela eRussia Olga Kozakheshich yaba okubonisa impilo yomuntu siqu yababili. Umuntu waseFrance wathakazeleka ngobuhle, wamnikezele "odongeni" wakhe futhi wachitha iholide lakhe. USimona akazange ahlale ezikweletini - wadedela uKozakevich futhi wanikezela inoveli yakhe "wafika uzohlala." Inkosikazi yaba yilungu lomndeni, futhi uSartre waba nesithakazelo kudadewabo - uWanda.
Lapho-ke uthisha kaBovar wehlise umfundi oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala uNatalie Sorokin. Ngokushesha intombazane yaba yinkosikazi ye-sarre. Umama uSorokina wakhononda enkonzweni yezemfundo, futhi uSimona waxosha.
Isinqumo somuntu asebekhulile sidlulisela amalungelo amagugu oMncane - i-Algerke Arlette Al-Kaim - lona wesifazane wathukuthela, kodwa akazange amangaze. Isimo siwukuthi abahlonishwa ngokweqiniso, bezama ukuvikela ngokusemthethweni indlalifa, futhi akuzange bahoxe ekugayeni: USimoni wafika esibukweni - wawuthatha umsebenzi omncane. Kepha lapho uJean-Paul egijima azungeza, kwakukhona othembekile - noma ngabe kuyamangaza kanjani - Simon.
Ukushona
Ngesikhathi sokuphela kwempilo ye-glaucoma, wenza i-jean-field strene blind. Akazange abhale, kepha asakaze izingxoxo futhi ahlela izingxabano nabalandeli. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, isazi sefilosofi samcela ukuthi asisebenzise ngaphandle kwama-pathos kanye nezazi ezinkulukazi: Ukungathembeki kanye nePharade Epitaphitis kwakumuhle.
IParisian edumile yashona maphakathi no-Ephreli 1980 isuka e-Edema yamaphaphu. Njengoba uqagele, imingcwabo esemthethweni ayizange iveze. Kepha lapho udwendwe oludabukisayo ehamba eceleni kwesobunxele lwe-hay, izinkulungwane ezingama-50, amaPalishi azijoyine ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukufa komyeni wakhe noKumir BOVWAR bathatha kanzima: Kusuka ekushashweni kancane nokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu. USimon wasinda kumyeni wakhe eneminyaka yobudala engama-6, echitha ekushayweni nasekukhohlisweni. Into yokukhulekelwa yanyamalala, futhi kwakungekho mqondo empilweni yesikhathi esizayo. UBoroni Bovar eSinif Olilodwa nomyeni wakhe osemathuneni aseMonttarnasse.
I-Bibliography
- 1938 - "NosenNota"
- Ngo-1939 - "Coten"
- 1943 - "Izimpukane"
- 1943 - "UGenesise Futhi Lutho"
- 1943 - "Ngeminyango evaliwe"
- Ngo-1946 - "I-Slut enhle"
- 1948 - "Izandla Ezingcolile"
- Ngo-1951 - "UDeveli kanye Nkosi Nkulunkulu"
- 1964 - "Amagama"
Amacaphuna
"Akukho lutho olusha. Kwakukhona."
"Isihogo yinye."
"Uma unesithukuthezi wedwa nawe, khona-ke usemphakathini omubi."
"Uhlala unesibopho salokho engangingazami ukukuvimbela."
"Ukuze azwelane nokuhlupheka komunye umuntu, kwanele ukuba ngumuntu, kodwa ukuze azwelane nenjabulo yomunye umuntu, kudingeka ube yingelosi."
"UGenius akusona isipho, kodwa indlela ekhethwe ezimweni zokuphelelwa yithemba."