I-Biograge
Isiphetho salo mculi waseFrance samngenisa ngethalente elikhulu, elilethe ukuqashelwa, kepha alizange linikeze ingcebo nenkazimulo. Umdwebi odumile, odumile kanye negrafu yekhulu le-XIX ezindlini ze-Eiran iningi lempilo elinikele uhlobo lwe-caricature. Exoshwe lokho okwakubonakala kungokwesilo, okungalungile, okusobala - umphakathi, imithetho, inhlokonxiwani. Imisebenzi yakhe yaphakamisa abantu izivimbi eziguqukayo, futhi umdwebi wezinhlungu we-buntar ngokwakhe walwa ngokungakhathali neziphathimandla.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umdwebi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 26, 1808 eMarseille, emkhayeni weGresur. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, uYise wahamba emndenini waya eParis, enethemba lokuthi ubuciko bakhe buzoba yisidingo esithe xaxa. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwabalwa ukuthi indodana izomsiza. Kepha akazange akhombise intshisekelo ecaleni lengilazi.
Wakhula enohaba lwangempela, umsebenzi owuthandayo womfana kwakufanele ubuke impilo yemigwaqo yaseParisian: kukhona izifebe emnyango, futhi izifebe zithengiswa ekhoneni, i-bullman ithulula i-trolley yama-croissants anamakha.. .
Impilo ehlukahlukene ethokozisayo, ebengifuna ukuyithwebula ubuhle bonke, ibihamba izungeze i-onor esencane. Uma engadala imidwebo enjalo, eyayibona kuma-albhamu esitolo sezincwadi! Kepha umfana uveze kuphela amakhathuni abafana abangomakhelwane, amalahle ephepheni lokugoqa.
Lapho ekwazile ukusebenza njengomsizi kummeli, kanye ne-Cucer esitolo sezincwadi, umfana oneminyaka engu-14, ekugcineni, wenziwa iphupho lesikhathi eside - waqala ukuthatha izifundo zokupenda nombala. Ngokushesha ngahlangana kugalari "palle Royal" nabadwebi abadumile balezo zikhathi nguCamille Coro, uJean Granville, uJean Granville, waqala ukusebenza emhlanganweni wokusebenzela umdwebi we-Ezhen. Ngo-1828, i-ONOR yathathwa yinqubo entsha yesithombe - i-litholwography. Lolu hlobo lwenza imisebenzi yalo yokuqala emlethela imali etholwa isikhathi eside.
Ukudala
Ngawo-1830s, i-leatography of Honory yabona odumile waseFrance uCharles Filipnon, inhloko ye-caricature yokuqala yomagazini wokuqala waseCaricature eFrance, futhi wamenywa ukubambisana.
UMDOLI wasayina iphephabhuku lakhe lisebenza nge-pseudonym of rodge. Ngo-1832, waveza umkhosi omusha we-LOUIS PHILIPTE esithombeni se-caricature saseGargantua, lapho ebheka ejele isigamu sonyaka, ukusuka lapho aphuma khona abe nomumo odumile futhi alungiselelwe okwengeziwe. Ngo-1830-1832, izindlu zidale igalari yemifanekiso nemifanekiso - ikhathuni yosopolitiki be-burgeois ababizwa ngokuthi "usaziwayo wegolide maphakathi".
Ngo-1834, iParis, izakhamizi zabona ama-Lithographs anjengomthetho "(umfanekiso ohlanganyelwe wehhovisi lezondulela)," Sonke bantu abathembekile, "
Kubo, izinkanuko zoMlobi ezinonya ezingcwebeni zezinhlansi zivezwa - ukuhaha, ngokucophelela, ubuwula, kanye nesithombe sobuqhawe somshini wokusebenza nokuguqula (ama-lithographs "inkululeko yabezindaba" kanye "neleveli yesimanje").
AbaseParis babelindele imisebenzi yezepolitiki nezenhlalo ekhanyayo. IMumbi ukuze ijabulele ingxenye entsha yeSatira, edingekayo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa bambalwa abantu ababazi umbhali wale misebenzi yobungcweti. Kepha ithalente likaMasters lazisa abangane, ababukeli abanjengoJean-Francois Mill, Coro kanye ne-Delacroix. Futhi nababhali, kufaka phakathi uVictor Hugo, u-Onor de Balzac noCharles Baudelaphaare. U-Balzac wathi uMichelangelo uqobo uhlala e "Dobune", futhi uBaphuzi wabhala ngokuthi "umdwebo wakhe umibalabala ngokwemvelo."
Ngo-1835, iziphathimandla zivale umagazini "caricature", khona-ke izindlu ziya kolunye uhlobo lweFilipPone - "Sharivari" (Charaivari). Lapha umculi futhi ashicilela umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu cishe iminyaka engama-30. Umbhalo wesandla womlobi ukwakhiwa kochungechunge oluqondile.
Isibonelo, uchungechunge "lwendaba yakudala" (1841-1843) Ubuciko obuhlekisayo obuhlekisayo. Ochungechungeni oluthi "izinhlobo ze-paris" (1839-1840), "Ongcolio esihle" (1846-1849), "Ubulungiswa Babantu" (1845-1848) Umbhali uyahambisana nokucabanga kwe-meshchansky, ukuthengiswa kwezikhulu .
Ngemuva kuka-1848, umdwebi ushintsha indlela yobuciko obubonakalayo - uya ukupenda, uwoyela kanye namanzi. Uhlobo lokugxila komsebenzi we-Master luyashintsha: I-caricature enolaka iphansi kwemidwebo yamakhaya enengqondo, ngaphandle kokujulisa ukuqonda kwabo okujulile. Amaqhawe emidwebo yakhe alula abantu, amaqhawe omndeni: abasebenzi, abasebenzi, abalimi (umjikelezo "uBratka", imidwebo yemoto "yesithathu", "umndeni weBarricade").
Umqhele wesikhathi esihle sezindlu uthathwa njengochungechunge lwemidwebo ethi "Don Quixote", lapho umbhali avezwa ngokomfanekiso umuntu ezimweni zomphakathi ongaphelele nasemhlabeni jikelele. Abagxeki babona kulolu chungechunge olukhona lwe-Autobiographical Motifs: I-knight enesizungu yesithombe esidabukisayo ingu-Onor uqobo, futhi ama-windmill awo anguhlelo lombuso olunonya.
Ekupheleni kwempilo, ngenxa yezidingo, ubuye ancenge i-lithograph uhlobo, manje kuphela lapho ugxile ezihlokweni zezempi ezibunjiwe. Izindlu zobuciko bokugcina ziwuchungechunge lwemisebenzi "OSada", enikezelwe empini yaseFranco-Prussian (1870-1871).
Amagugu ezindlu acishe abe ngama-Lithograph ayizinkulungwane ezine, imidwebo engaphezu kuka-900 yokuqoshwa, imidwebo engaphezu kuka-700 kanye nemidwebo engama-60. Ubuqambi bomculi bebengaziwa kabanzi ngesikhathi sokuphila futhi bahlolwa kuphela ngekhulu lama-20.
Namuhla, imisebenzi yobuhlakani be-lithologygraphy itholakala kumaqoqo amakhulu omhlaba - umnyuziyamu wedolobha laseNew York, i-National Art Gallery eWashington, eMunich PinakoTotk, eRussia Hermitage nabanye.
Ngo-1992, kwadedelwa ifilimu enezithombe "Umthetho we-Domey" kwizikrini, lapho uJeff Dunbar Director asebenzisa khona imidwebo ye-caricaturist yaseFrance.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Indlu yanikezela impilo yakhe yonke, kufaka phakathi okomuntu siqu, okulwa nohlelo olukhona kanye nombuso wokubusa. Njengomculi weqiniso, akakwazanga ukunikela ngentshiseko yakhe ngokungahleliwe, ngakho akazange avele umkakhe nezingane.Ukushona
Ngawo-1870s, izindlu zishesha zombono zibi kakhulu. Ngenxa yobumpumputhe obuqhubekayo, umdwebi waba usizo, ehlala isizungu ngokuphelele.
Abangane abanobungani bafika ukutakula. UCamille Coro wasusa u-anyanisi, waqasha umhlengikazi nezikweletu ezikhokhelwayo. UDomier ushone ngoFebhuwari 10, 1879 ngobumpofu obugcwele endaweni engaphansi kweParis Valmduwa.
Imidwebo
- Ngo-1832-1834 - "Osaziwayo Begolide Mail"
- Ngo-1834 - "IVenus Yesishayamthetho"
- Ngo-1836-38 - "Karicatyuran"
- Ngo-1834 - "I-Transnonen Street"
- 1850-53 - "Impahla"
- Ngo-1856 - "ekhonsathini"
- Ngo-1863-65 - "I-Wagon yesithathu"
- 1956-60 - "Melodrama"
- Ngo-1870 - "Don Quixote"
- 1870-71 - "Siege"