I-Biograge
Ucingo oludumile, omunye wabaguquli abaphambili kwezobuciko bekhulu le-XIX, umdwebi kanye nomfanekiso we-uvan Nikolayevich KramSkaya angahlala emlandweni wobuciko baseRussia, abhale kuphela umfanekiso we- "akwaziwa". Lesi sithombe singenye yamadayimane egalari yaseMoscow Treyalofazi - yaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu nawo wonke umuntu osendaweni yendawo yangemva kweSoviet. I- "Abyant" ibizwa ngokuthi i-Russian Joconda.
Kodwa-ke, lo mculi wethula umhlaba wamakhulu endwangu, ancome, amangaze futhi akhule. Phakathi kwabo, "ukukhanya kwelanga", "Mina MoiseV", "ama-Mermaids", "Kristu ehlane". Ubheke emusha wokuqala 'we-bunth oneminyaka eyishumi nane ", owadala inyunyana yokunyakaza, umgxeki wezobuciko obucashile - iKramskaya yaba yimbono yesizukulwane sonke sabaculi bangempela.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umculi wazalwa ehlobo lika-1837 eSuburban Sloboda eliNtani elisha ngaphansi kweButtergent, esifundazweni saseVoronezh. Alethwe emndenini womabhalane osemthethweni, ongumthengisi.
Ukulinganiselwa kwamaphupho wabazali ukuthi uVanya wakhulela waba ngumlobi, kepha amacebo angazange aphule umakhelwane owayezifundile umculi uMikhail Tulinov. Wavula izwe elincane le-KRAM lobuciko futhi wafundisa ukudweba upende wama-watercolor. Kusukela lapho, umfana unethuba elenele ngethuba ngalinye lepensela futhi edwebe umhlaba ozungezile.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, u-Ivan Kramskaya aphothula iziqu zesikole sika-Ostrogog, ethola amadiploma kuzo zonke izifundo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, osemusha washonelwa nguyise futhi waya emsebenzini. Kwazinza edolobheni Duma, lapho ayesebenza khona ngaphambili lapho kubhalwe khona umlobi ubaba. UKramskaya wenza e-calligraphy futhi wahehwa njengomlamuli ngocwaningo lokudoba. Isifiso sokudweba asizange sinyamalale, futhi umfana uthole umthwebuli wezithombe, ahamba ngayo yonke iRussia.
Umcimbi owenzeka ngo-1853 useshintshe i-biography ka-Ivan Kramsky. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, iqembu le-Dradun lafika e-Ostrogozhsk, futhi ngaye uYanilevsky, umthwebuli wezithombe. Umdwebi omncane wangena enkonzweni eya eDanilevsky. Umsebenzi we-retoucher waletha ama-ruble 2 ama-kramsky 2. 50 kopecks ngenyanga, kodwa into esemqoka, umthwebuli wezithombe onekhono iminyaka emithathu, u-Ivan amsebenzela, wafundisa le nsizwa kakhulu. Ngaye, umculi wasuka edolobheni lesifundazwe eliseSt. Petersburg.
Enyakatho yeNyakatho, u-Ivan Kramskaya wathuthela komunye umthwebuli wezithombe, u-Alexandrovsky. Ngaleso sikhathi, ikhono le-restoucher young lalifinyelele ezinda eziphakeme kangangokuthi wabizwa ngokuthi "uNkulunkulu obulalayo." Vele-ke eKramsky, kuphaphama okunethalente. Ngenxa yomsizi we-Aleksandrovskky, waba ngumthwebuli wezithombe womndeni wombuso futhi wathola "ukhozi", futhi u-Ivana wamenyelwa ku-Photo Student Student Andrei Emeter. Emgqeni, i-petterburg elite yaba umugqa wesithombe se-Kramsky Photo.
ESt. Petersburg, u-Ivan Kramskaya wathwala iphupho, elalithanda ubuntwana: wangena kwi-Academy of Arts. Le nsizwa yanqunywa eqenjini likaProfesa Alexei Markov. Umdwebi wesikhathi esizayo eminyakeni yokuqala usuphenduke umholi wentsha yezemfundo.
Ngo-1863, kutholakala indondo encane yesiliva neyegolide encane ebhange le-piggy yomculi onethalente. Kusuka kumklomelo oyinhloko - indondo enkulu yegolide kanye nohambo olukhokhelwayo olukhokhelwe phesheya - iKramsky yanikeza kancane: emncintiswaneni wokudala kufanele ngabe wadonsela isithombe esihlokweni esiphakanyisiwe.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhombisa uzungu oluvela ezinganekwaneni zaseScandinavia 14 kwabangu-15 abazongenela iMeduli - emphakathini bakhula intshisakalo yohlobo olungokoqobo, ezithombeni lapho impilo yansuku zonke eboniswa khona. Ulibhekise iBuncti Ivan Kramskaya. Abafundi benqabile ukudweba omunye, hhayi uzungu olunganekwane, futhi bashiya ukuhlolwa kokugcina.
Ukupenda
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu e-Academy, iKramskaya ihlele futhi yahola i-artel yabaculi abakhululekile, okuye kwangena abathweswe iziqu kanye nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo. Amakhosi athatha ama-oda wemidwebo namakhophi ama-canvases adumile, izincwadi ezibonisiwe.
U-Ivan Kramskaya washaya ngokuzikhandla: imidwebo edwetshwe, ebheka amakhasimende, imali eyayisakaze, yathatha abafundi. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Ilya repin. Maphakathi kwawo-1860s, umdwebi wathatha izintambo zawo apendwe ethempelini leThempeli likaKristu likaKristu uMsindisi: Imidwebo kumakhadibhodi enziwe ngabafundi enziwe eminyakeni yabafundi.
Ngo-1869, umdwebi waqala waya eYurophu ukujwayelana nobuciko beNtshonalanga. Ukuveliswa okutholwe yi-master yaseRussia ngemuva kokwazana nemibukiso yemibukiso yobuciko bezihloko zaseYurophu kwavela ukuthi kungqubuzana. Ngokuphikisana nabakwethu abaningi, ubuciko basentshonalanga ayenzanga ukuba ajabulele.
Ngemuva kokubuyela ekhaya, umdwebi waxabana nozakwabo ngokusho kukaRetel: Ukwephula imithetho eyishumi nane, wamukela yi-Academy of ACROS THALY OVERSAS LAPHA. UKramskaya washiya i-artel. Ngaphandle kwalo, umphakathi wahlukana ngokushesha.
Umdwebi wasungula inhlangano entsha yokudala, umbize umlingani wemibukiso yezobuciko yeselula. Ngokubambisana nabasunguli be-Kram babathengi bobambiswano baba uGregory Myasadov, u-Alexey Savrasov, ethonya ngokuqondile. Abaculi beselula baziphikisana nabalandeli bezemfundo, badonsela imibukiso yeselula kuyo yonke imizi yombuso, bedumisa ubuciko futhi besondeze kuye kubantu.
Emibukweni yamakhanda, labo ababefuna ukuthandwa yi-canvas. Enye yazo "ebusuku" yebhulashi likaKramsky - uthenge umdlali we-Pavel negalari Pavel Tretakov. Izakhiwo eziyimfihlakalo, eziphefumulelwe uNikolai Gogol, umdwebi wapenda eMaloris.
Ngo-1872, u-Ivan Kramskaya wenza imivimbo yokugcina 'kukaKristu ehlane "eCanvas, eyaba umsebenzi wayo owaziwa kakhulu. Lesi sithombe sathola ngokushesha ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6 kwe-Tretakov. Umsebenzi wakhiqizwa ngokomisi, futhi i-Alma Mater yomdwebi acishe adla isihloko seKramsky sikaprofesa, kodwa wenqaba.
Kepha inkazimulo enkulu kunazo zonke kubantu besikhathi besikhathi sika-Ivan Kramskaya bathola njengomfanekiso. Izithombe zakhe zebhubesi uTolstoy, uSergey Botkin, uTaras Shevchenko, ngokolunye uhlangothi, ngokolwazi lwabantu besikhathi sabantu ababuhlungu, bafana ngokufana namaqhawe futhi badlulise izinhlamvu, ukukhanya kwangaphakathi kwemvelo.
I-canvas "mina moiseev" umdwebi wethule umhlaba ngo-1882. Abalandeli beKramsky ne-Art Connoisseurs babiza isithombe somlimi womlimi ngomkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu womdwebi weRussia. Eqinisweni, mina moiseev - sketch, etude ku-canvas "umlimi ngebhuloho", edonswe kamuva. Lo msebenzi uyisibonelo esicacile seKramsky-Humarist, eyayithanda futhi yaqonda abantu baseRussia.
Ngawo-1880s, u-Ivan Kramskaya washaya futhi wahlukanisa umphakathi webhendi "engaziwa". Owesifazane okhonjisiwe akayona eyomphakathi ophakeme. Ugqoke igama lokugcina lemfashini yaleyo minyaka, eyayithathwa njengezithiyo ezindlini ezinhle.
Umgxeki uVladimir Stasov ulethe isinqumo sendwangu, umbize ngokuthi "i-cockclotka esihlalweni sabakhubazekile." Iningi lezikhathi zesikhathi zavuma ukuthi umfanekiso ungokokuqukethwe okucebile. I-TretyTakov yenqabile ukuthenga isithombe - i-Industrialist Favel Kharitonenko yathola yona.
I-Kramsky Painting Technique - Ukuncipha okucashile, isithombe sabantu ngokucophelela nangolwazi. Ama-Landscapes Umculi akazange adwebe, kodwa ku-canvases "Meyi ebusuku" kanye "nokukhanya kwenyanga" kukhombisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo.
U-Ivan Kramsky ubizwa ngokufanelekile umholi we-Ideological wokunyakaza, omele ubuciko bentando yeningi wekhulu le-Xh. Imidwebo yomculi ngokumangazayo uHumane futhi engokomoya.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngonkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo, uSofia, umdwebi osemncane we-suffhora wahlangana, abe ngumfundi we-Academy. Wayeyithanda le ntombazane kanzima kangangokuba wakunaka amahemuhemu awela ngemuva kwakhe. Idumela likaSony lalingenasici hhayi: ngaphambi kokuba ajwayelene neKramsky ProKhorov ehlala emshadweni womphakathi oshadile, efunda ngesimo sakhe "esinganawona mahhala" sekwephuze kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-Ivan Kram Sophia waba isampula yobumsulwa nobuqotho. Umngane womshado wahlukanisa le minyaka kanye naye kanye nokuntuleka kwemali, umculi wabonisana naye phakathi nomsebenzi, wacela ukuthandaza lapho ehlanganyela kwi-canvase entsha.
USophia Kramskaya wabeletha umyeni wakhe wezingane eziyisithupha. Ababili babo - amadodana - afa nomehluko weminyaka emithathu. Ngomdwebo odumile "i-Rezazynaya Mount" kubonise umlingani waphezulu. ICanvas Ivan Kramskaya yadale iminyaka emi-4.
Intandokazi yalo mculi yindodakazi kaSophia Kramskaya - yangena ezinyathelweni zikaYise. Ngawo-1930 kwawa ngaphansi kwe-rink yokucindezelwa.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni engu-5-6 edlule yokuphila, ukuba khona komculi kwaqashelwa ukukhwehlela okuqinile okuqinile: UKramsky wayene-toad (aneurysm yenhliziyo). Ubuhlungu be-Hug basiza imijovo ye-morphine. Wawuphatha umculi uSergey Botkin, owayecashe kusukela esigulini igama lokugula elibulalayo. U-Ivan Kramskaya wafunda ngaye ngengozi, ngemuva kokufunda izimpawu ezise-Medical Encyclopedia, ngakwesokunxele ngokunganaki yi-BOTKIN etafuleni.
Isifo senhliziyo (i-aortic aneurysm) futhi sabangela ukufa komdwebi wezinhlungu. Washona emsebenzini - edweba isithombe sikaDkt Karl Rauthus. UKramskaya akazange asinde ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuze kube-50.
Wangcwatshwa emathuneni amaTikhvin ka-Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Ukusebenza
- Ngo-1880 - "ukukhanya kwelanga"
- Ngo-1882 - "Mina Moisev"
- 1871 - "Ama-Mermaids"
- Ngo-1872 - "UKristu Ehlane"
- Ngo-1873 - "Imidwebo yomculi I. I. Shishkin"
- Ngo-1873 - "Imidwebo Yebhubesi Nikolayevich Tolstoy"
- Ngo-1877 - "Imidwebo Yokugcizelela Mary Alexandrovna"
- Ngo-1878 - "D. I. Mendeleev "
- Ngo-1881 - "Portrait of Lady"
- Ngo-1883 - "Akwaziwa"
- Ngo-1884 - "I-Rezazy Mountain"
- Ngo-1886 - "Alexander III"
- Ngo-1883 - "Imidwebo yendodana kaSergey"
- Ngo-1878 - "N. A. Nekrasov ngesikhathi "Izingoma Zokugcina"