Biography
Nhare mbozha yakakurumbira, imwe yevanonongedzerwa nhamba muhunyanzvi hweZimbabwe, iyo pendi uye Portraitist Ivan NikolaVich kroskaya inogona kuramba iri munhoroondo yeRussia Art, ichinyora mufananidzo we "usingazivikanwe". Mufananidzo uri mumwe wemadhaimani eMoscow Tretyakov Garari - anozivikanwa kune wese munhu uye munhu wese ari mundima yeiyo post-soviet nzvimbo. "Hazvizivikanwe" inonzi Russian Joconda.
Nekudaro, muimbi akaunza nyika nemazana emachira, inoyemurwa, inoshamisika uye yakaiswa. Pakati pavo, "mwedzi", "Mina Moiseev", "mermaid", "Kristu mugwenga". Akananga kuhudiki hwepakutanga hwe "bunth yegumi nemana", uyo akasika mubatanidzwa wekufamba, kushora kwakavanzika - Kramskaya akava nedeologue yechizvarwa chose chevanyori vechirume.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Muimbi akaberekerwa muzhizha ra 1837 muSuburban Sloboda Itsva mazana emazana pasi pebongozi, iyo iri muVoronezh Province. Yakarererwa mumhuri yemhuri yepamutemo-mabharani, mutengesi.
Kufungidzira kwezviroto zvevabereki kwaive kuti Vanya vakakura uye vakava munyori, asi zvirongwa zvisingazivikanwe vakatyora muvakidzani anozvidzidzisa mikhail mikhail Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol Tulinol tulinol Tulino Akavhura madiki kramu kiramu yehunyanzvi uye akadzidziswa kudhirowa mvura yemvura. Kubva ipapo, mukomana ane zvakakwana mukana wega wega wepenzura uye akaunganidzwa nyika yakatenderedza.
Pazera ramakore gumi nemaviri, Ivan Kramskaya yakapedza kudzidza chikoro cheOstrogog, kugamuchira Diploma mune zvese zvidzidzo. Mugore rimwe chetero, achiri kuyaruka akarasikirwa nababa vake uye akaenda kubasa. Yakagara muguta Duma, kwaakamboshanda mumusangano wevanyori. Kramskaya aibata mu calligraphy uye akakwezvwa semurevereri aine ongororo yekubata hove. Chishuwo chekukwevera hazvina kunyangarika, uye murume wacho akawana rezereti pamutori wemutorwa, aakafamba nawo ese eRussia.
Chiitiko chakaitika muna 1853 zvachinja biography yeIvan Kramsky. Paaive nemakore gumi nematanhatu, boka reDhokora rakasvika muOstrogozhsk, uye pamwe naye Yakov Danilevsky, mutori wemifananidzo. Mujaya wechidiki akapinda basa raDanilevsky. Basa reRatoucher rakaunzwa kramsky 2 rubles. 50 kopecks Pamwedzi, asi chinhu chikuru cheMutungamiriri wemakore matatu, icho Ivan vakamubatira, vakadzidzisa jaya racho zvakanyanya. NaAri, muimbi akatamira kubva kuguta rematunhu kusvika ku St. Petersburg.
Muguta rekumusoro, Ivan Kramskaya akatamira kune mumwe mutori, Alexandrovsky. Panguva iyoyo, hunyanzvi hwerunyanzvi hwechitatu hwakange hwasvika pakakwirira kwazvo zvekuti "Mwari amutsa Mwari." Kare ipapo muKramsky, ine tarenda yemifananidzo yakamuka. Kutenda kune mubatsiri weAleksandksky, akazova murume wemutorwa wemhuri uye akagamuchira "gondo" uye Ivana akakokwa kune yakakurumbira Photo Mudzidzi Andrei Emeter. Mumutsara, iyo Petersburg Elite yakava mutsara wefererial kramsky photo.
MuSt. Petersburg, Ivan Kramskaya akatakura hope, izvo zvinokosheswa kubva paudiki: Akapinda mudzidzo yehunyanzvi. Jaya racho rakanga rakatarwa muboka raProfesa Alexei Markov. Runyorwa rwemangwana mumakore ekutanga rave mutungamiri wehudiki hwevaye.
Muna 1863, sirivheri diki uye menduru diki yegoridhe yakawanikwa mune iyo piggy bank yemuimbi ane tarenda. Kubva muMubairo mukuru - Iyo Goridhe Yakakura Menduru uye yeGoridhe Yemakore-Yemakore Rutivi Awenyika Kunze - Kramsky yakapa zvishoma: Pamakwikwidzi emagetsi anofanira kunge akakwevera mufananidzo wenyaya yakatarwa.
Nekudaro, kuratidza zano kubva kuScandinaves mythology 14 kubva pavana gumi nevaviri veMenduru yakaramba - Munharaunda yakakura kufarira rudzi rwechokwadi, kune iyo mifananidzo umo hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwakaratidzwa. Akananga kuBuncti Ivan Kramskaya. Vadzidzi vakaramba kukwevera imwe, kwete zano rekunzwa, uye vakasiya bvunzo dzekupedzisira.
Kupenda
Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuChikoro, Kramskaya akarongeka uye akatungamira artl of emahara artists, ayo akapinda vakapedza kudzidza uye akafanana nevanhu vane pfungwa. Vatenzi vakatora maodha ezviratidzo nemakopi emapepa akakurumbira, mabhuku ane mifananidzo.
Ivan kramskaya hit kushanda nesimba: Pendi penji, ichitsvaga vatengi, vakagovera mari, vakatora vadzidzi. Mumwe wavo aive Ilya anodzosera. Pakati pa1860, muimbi, iye artist akatora pakapetwa nemirwi yetemberi yeMocomi yeMapurisaya Muponesi: Sketches paCrarian Cardboard yakagadzirwa mumakore emudzidzi.
Muna 1869, iyo pendi yakatanga kuenda kuEurope kuti izive hunyanzvi hwekumadokero. Mhedzisiro inotambirwa neRussia Tenzi mushure mekuzivana nehurongwa hweMaratidziro emarya eAuteries eEuropean Capitals yakaitika kuti isapokana. Mukupesana nevakawanda compatriots, hunyanzvi hwekumadokero hadzina kumufadza.
Mushure mekudzokera kumba, muimbi akakanganisirwa nemumwe waunoshanda naye maererano naAlteel: Kutyora mitemo yegumi nemana, akagamuchira neaccount yetres yekubhadhara rwendo rwekumusoro rwendo rwekupirwa. Kramskaya akasiya artl. Pasina iyo, munharaunda wakurumidza kuputsa.
Iyo inyasha yakavharira ushamwari hutsva hwekugadzira, uchimudaidza kuti shamwari yemiharembozha. Pamwe chete neKram Co-Valley vevakabatana vakave Gregory Myunga, Alexey Savasov, Vasily Persu. Mobile artist akazvishora kune vateveri vedzidzo, vakatyaira nharembozha mumaguta ese eumambo, hunyanzvi hwekunakidzwa uye kusvika kwaari kuvanhu.
Pakuratidzira kwemisoro, avo vaida kuve vakafarira canvas. Mumwe wavo ndiye "Husiku" yebrashi yeKramsky - akatenga patroni uye gallery mutambi paletyakov. Chishamiso chesimba, chakafuridzirwa naNikolai Gogol, muimbi akapendwa muMalorus.
Muna 1872, Ivan Kramskaya akaita kuti mitezo yekupedzisira pa "Kristu mugwenga" canvas, iyo yakava basa rake rakakurumbira. Mufananidzo wakabva watowana zvezviuru zvitanhatu zvezviuru zveTytyakov. Basa rakagadzirwa neFrior, uye Alma Mater emuranda akapotsa akadya Musoro wePramsky wePorofesa, asi akaramba.
Asi kubwinya kukuru pakati pevarindi veIvan Kramskaya semufananidzo. Mifananidzo yake yeShumba Tolstoy, Sergey Botkin, Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Shevchen, fanano yerudzi rwekurwadziwa, iva neyakafanana neHeroes uye kuendesa mavara,
Iyo Canvas "Mina Moiseev" Artist akapa nyika muna 1882. Mafani eKramsky uye Art Connoisseurs anodana iyo mufananidzo weiyo murombo neyakanakisa chigadzirwa cheRussia pendi. Muchokwadi, Mina Moiseev - Sketch, Etude kune Canvas "murombo ane tomu", dhonza gare gare. Iri basa muenzaniso wakajeka kwazvo weKramsky-Hurinist, aida uye akanzwisisa vanhu veRussia.
Muna 1880s, Ivan Kramskaya akarova uye akapatsanura nzanga yebhendi "isingazivikanwe". Mukadzi akaratidzwa haazi wenharaunda yakakwira. Akapfeka izwi rekupedzisira refashoni remakore iwayo, iyo yaionekwa seyakavimbika kune vanokudzwa vakadzi.
Vanotsoropodza Vladimir Stasov vakapa mutongo weCanvas, vachimudaidza kuti "Cockclotka pawiricheya." Vazhinji vakararama panguva iyoyo vakabvuma kuti mufananidzo uyu wakapfuma. Trityakov akaramba kutenga mufananidzo - iyo indasitiri Pavel Khritonenko akawana.
Kramsky pendi maitiro - zvisinganzwisisike, nekuchenjerera uye chimiro chevanhu. Landsbatsiri muimbi haana kudhirowa, asi mune canvigasi "dai husiku" uye "mwedzi" mutserendende wairatidzira mwenje wemwedzi.
Ivan kramsky anonyatsonzi zita rakarongeka rekufamba, mumiriri anopenya kwazvo wezvehunyanzvi hwemagariro eruzivo rwezana reXih. Mifananidzo yemhizha inoshamisa munhu uye mune zvemweya.
Hupenyu Hwako
Nemukadzi muchamangwana, Sofia, prohora muvechidiki wechidiki akasangana, achiva mudzidzi wezvedzidzo. Aida musikana zvakaoma zvekuti haana kuregeredza runyerekupe rusununguko shure kwake. Kuzivikanwa kwaSony kwaive kusina mhosva kwete: pamberi pomuzivikanwe naKramsky prokhorov akararama mumuchato wehurumende uine muchato wakaroora, kudzidza nezve "kusununguka" kusununguka "kusununguka" kunonoka.
Nekudaro, kuti Ivan Kram Sophia akava muenzaniso wekuchena nekuvimbika. Wawakaroora wakarondedzera makore pamwe naye uye kushayikwa kwemari, muimbi akarangana naye panguva yebasa, akakumbira kunamata paakabatana neicho chitsva.
Sophia Kramskaya akabereka murume wake evana vatanhatu. Vaviri vavo - vanakomana - vakafa nemusiyano wemakore matatu. Pamunhezi yakakurumbira "rezazaya yeGomo" inoratidza mukadzi womumwe wako. Iyo Canvas Ivan Kramskaya yakagadzira makore mana.
Iye anodiwa nomubvumiri ndiye mwanasikana weSophia Kramskaya - akaenda akatsika tsoka dzaBaba. Muma1930) akawira pasi pehunyoro hwekudzvinyirira.
Rufu
Mumakore 5-6 apfuura ehupenyu, kuvapo kweiyo muimbi kwakazivikanwa neakarongeka yakaoma yakaoma: Kramsky yaive neyakayamwa toad (aneurysm yemoyo). Kumbundira kurwadziwa kwakabatsira morphine majekiseni. Akabata muimbi sergey botkin, aive akavanda kubva kumurwere zita rehurwere rinouraya. Ivan Kramskaya akaziva nezvake nemukana, mushure mekuverenga zviratidzo muiyo Encyclopedia yeChiremba, isina hanya yakasara neBotkin patafura.
Chirwere chemoyo (aortic aneurysm) uye akakonzera kufa kwemurwere. Akafira kubasa - achirovera mufananidzo waDr Karl Rautus. Kramskaya haana kurarama mwedzi miviri kusvika pamakumi mashanu emakore.
Akavigwa panzvimbo yeTikhvin maTikhvin eAlexander Nevy Lavra.
Shanda
- 1880 - "Mwedzi"
- 1882 - "Mina Moiseev"
- 1871 - "Mermaid"
- 1872 - "Kristu mugwenga"
- 1873 - "Mufananidzo weNzira I. I. Shishkin"
- 1873 - "Mufananidzo weShumba Nikolayevich Tolstoy"
- 1877 - "Mufananidzo weMashress Mary Alexandrovna"
- 1878 - "D. I. Mendeleev "
- 1881 - "Mufananidzo weMukadzi"
- 1883 - "Hazvizivikanwe"
- 1884 - "Rezy Mountain"
- 1886 - "Alexander III"
- 1883 - "Mufananidzo weMwanakomana waSergey"
- 1878 - "N. A. Nekrasov panguva ye "Nziyo Yekupedzisira"