Taariikh nololeed
Telefoonka caanka ah ee gacanta, mid ka mid ah dib-u-habeeyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ee farshaxanka xarkaha ee Xissiga XIX, sawir-qaade iyo sawirkii Ivan Nikoloyevich Kramskaya ayaa ku sii jiri kara taariikhda farshaxanka Ruushka, qorista kaliya sawirka "aan la aqoon". Sawirka ayaa ah mid ka mid ah dheemankii magaalada Moscow ee Themestin Feejiriinta - waxaa loo yaqaan qof walba iyo qof walba oo ku nool dhulka ka dambeeya booska kadib. "Lama yaqaan" waxaa lagu magacaabaa JOCONDA Russia.
Si kastaba ha noqotee, farshaxanku wuxuu dunida u soo bandhigay boqolaal xilli, kaas oo ku jecel, la yaabay oo kor u qaaday. Waxaa ka mid ah, "iftiinka" Dayax "," Mina Moseev "," MANADEES "," ayuu ku yidhi Masiixa ee cidlada ". Wuxuu madax u ahaa dhallin-yarada "buunka ee afar iyo toban", oo abuuray midowga dhaqdhaqaaqa, dhaleeceyn farshaxan oo khiyaano ah - Kramskaya waxay noqotay fikradda guud ee farshaxanka dhabta ah ee fanaaniinta dhabta ah.
Caruurnimada iyo dhalinyarada
Farshaxanka ayaa ku dhashay xagaagii xagaagii 1837 ee magaalada Sluoboda ee ku yaal Sluoboda cusub oo ku yaal Buttergent, oo ku taal gobolka Voronezh. Kor u kacay qoyska karraaniga rasmiga ah, ganacsade.
Qiyaasta riyooyinkii waalidiinta ayaa ahaa in Vaya koray oo uu noqdo qoraa, laakiin qorshayaasha si aan si ula kac ah u jebiyey fanaaniin deriska la bartay farshaxanka deriska ah Mikhail Tulinov. Wuxuu furay farshaxanka yar ee Kram ee farshaxanka oo wax baray inuu sawiro rinjiyeynta biyaha. Tan iyo markaas, wiilku wuxuu ku filan yahay fursad kasta oo qalin qalin ah oo dunida ku wareegsan.
Markay tahay da'da 12, Ivan Kramskaya wuxuu ka qalinjabiyey inta lagu jiray dugsiga Ostrogog, isagoo helay shabab ka mid ah maadooyinka oo dhan. Isla sanadkaas, da 'yarta ayaa aabihiis waa waayey oo ay u aaday shaqo. Waxay degtay magaalada Duma, halkaas oo ay hore uga soo shaqeeysay boostada qoraaga aabaha. Kramskaya ku dhaqmay oo lagu dhaqmay wicitaanada waxaana loo soo jiitay sidii dhexdhexaadin sahamin kalluumeysi ah. Rabitaanka ah in la sawiro ma uusan dhammaan, ninkanina wuxuu helay dib-u-qaadis sawir qaade sawir qaade, oo uu ku safray dhammaan Ruushka.
Dhacdada dhacday 1853 ayaa beddelay taariikh nololeedkii Ivan Kramsky. Markuu 16 jir ahaa, oo ah Draggaun ayaa yimid Osturozhsk, iyo isaga Yakov Danilvesky, sawir qaade. Farshaxanka yari wuxuu u soo galay adeegga Danilvesky. Shaqada dib-u-dhigga ayaa keentay Kramsky 2 rubles. 50 kopecks Bishiiba, laakiin waxa ugu weyn, sawir qaade karti leh muddo 3 sano ah, oo Ivan u shaqeeyey isaga, waxbadan ayuu baray nin dhalinyaro ah. Isaga oo la jira, farshaxanku wuxuu ka soo dhaqaaqay magaalada St. Petersburg.
Magaalada caasimada ah ee waqooyiga, Ivan Kramskaya waxay u dhaqaaqday sawir qaade kale, Alexandrovsky. Waqtigaas, xirfadda dib u eegista dhallaanka da 'yarta ayaa gaadhay meelaha dhaadheer ee loo yaqaan' 'Af-ka-noqoshada'. Horeyba ka dib Kramsky, sawir hibo leh toosto toosto. Thanks to aleksandrovsksky kaaliyaha, wuxuu noqday sawir qaade reer boqor-weyneed wuxuuna helay "gorgor", iyo Ivana waxaa lagu casuumay arjiga sawirka caanka ah ee Andrei Erateter. Sadarka, Elite Petersburg wuxuu saf u noqday sawirka tixraaca Kramsky ee tixraaca.
St. Petersburg, Ivan Kramskaya ayaa watay riyada, oo ka heshay caruurnimadii, wuxuu galay akadeemiyada farshaxanka. Ninkii dhalinyarada ahaa ayaa lagu go'aamiyay kooxda ka mid ah kooxda Professor Alexei Markov. Farsameeyaha mustaqbalka ee sannadihii ugu horreeyay wuxuu noqday hogaamiyaha dhalinyarada tacliinta ah.
Sanadkii 1863, lacag yar iyo bilad dahab ah oo yar ayaa laga helay bangiga doofaarka ee farshaxanka tayada leh. Abaalmarinta ugu weyn - billad weyn oo dahab ah iyo 18 jir safar oo lacag ah oo dibedda ah - Kragsky wax yar ayey siisay: Tartanka hal abuurka ah waa inuu sawiraa sawirka mawduuca la soo jeediyay.
Si kastaba ha noqotee, in ay muujiso shirqoolka khuraafaadka Scandinavianka ee 14 ka mid ah 15 musharrax oo loogu talagalay billadaha ay diiday - bulshada dhexdeeda waxay ku koreen xiisaha hiddaha dhabta ah, sawirrada noloshu ay soo bandhigtay. Wuxuu madax u ahaa Bunctti Ivan Kramskaya. Ardaydu way diideen inay wax kale qaataan, maahan shirqool khuraafaad ah, oo waxay ka tageen imtixaanka ugu dambeeya.
Renji maris
Ka dib markii aad ka qalin-jabisay akadeemiyada, Kramskaya abaabulay oo hogaaminayey Artel ee farshaxanadaha bilaashka ah, kuwaas oo soo galay ardayda ka qalin jabisay iyo dadka ka shaqeeya. Masters-yada waxay amar ku qaateen sawirro iyo koobiyo ah oo ka mid ah boorsooyinka caanka ah, oo ah buugaagta lagu muujiyey.
Ivan Kramskaya ayaa ku dhacay shaqo-qabad: sawirro rinji ah, oo raadinaya macaamiisha, oo lacag qaybisa, ayaa ardayda qaadatay. Midkood wuxuu ahaa Istaa Repin. Bartamihii 1860-meeyadii, farshaxan -eedka ayaa la wareegay rinjiyeynta rinjiyeynta hoyga macbudka Moscow ee Masiixa Badbaadiyaha: Sawirro ku saabsan kartoonnada cudurka af-ka qaadista ee ka samaysan sannadaha ardayda.
Sannadkii 1869, rinjiyeynta ayaa markii ugu horreysay u aaday Yurub si ay u bartaan farshaxanka reer galbeedka. Soojiidashada ay heleen sayidkii Ruushka ka dib markii ay is baratay soo bandhigida bandhigyada farshaxanka ee caasimada yurub ayaa u rogay is burinaya. Marka la barbardhigo dadka ka mid ah dadka in badan oo ay weheliyaan, farshaxan reer galbeedka ah kama aysan farxin isaga.
Ka dib markii aad ku laabatay guriga, farshaxanku wuxuu lahaa khilaaf uu la leeyahay saaxiibkiis iyada oo loo eegayo Arteel: Ku xadgudubka xeerarka afartan iyo tobanka, ayuu aqbalay akadeemiyada farshaxanka safarka dibedda ah. Kramskaya ayaa ka tagay Artel. Iyaga la'aanteed, bulshada ayaa si dhakhso ah u kala jabtay.
Muuqaalku wuxuu aasaasey urur hal abuur leh, isagoo ugu yeeraya wehelka bandhigyada farshaxanka mobilada. Iyada oo ay weheliso iskaashiga Kram ee iskaashiga iskaashigu wuxuu noqday Gregory Myasadedov, Alexey Savrasov, visaly qancinta. Farshaxanadaha mobilada ayaa naftooda ka soo horjeeday kuwa naafada ah ee tacliinta, ay ku tuureen bandhigyo mobiil oo dhan magaalooyinkii boqortooyada, oo loo baahan yahay farshaxanka oo u soo dhowaada dadka.
Markii ay ka soo baxaan madaxyada madaxyada, kuwa raba inay jeclaadaan shiraaca. Mid ka mid ah waa "habeen" ee burushka Kragsky - iibsaday pavon iyo sawir qaade Pavel Saddex. Shirqoolkii Mystical, oo uu dhiirigeliyay Nikolai Gogol, farshaxanku wuxuu rinjiyeeyay Molous.
Sanadkii 1872, Ivan Kramskaya wuxuu ka sameeyay istarooggii ugu dambeeyay ee "Masiixa ee lamadegaanka" Canvas, oo noqday shaqadiisii ugu caansanayd. Sawirka ayaa isla markiiba helay 6 kun oo rubles ah ee Trentikov. Shaqada waxaa laga soo saaray wareeg, iyo al-amor-ka ee al-mashiinka ah ku dhawaad culays cinwaanka Kramsky ee Professor, laakiin wuu diiday.
Laakiin ammaanta ugu weyn ee ka dhex jirta casriga Ivan Kramskaya ayaa laga helay sawir. Sawirradiisa libaaxyada Tolstoy, Sorgey Botkin, TARAS Shevchenko, Ivan Shevinko, Ivan Shevchenko, Ivan Shevinko, oo Ivan Siskinko, sida laga soo xigtay xulka casriga ah ee sawir-qaadeyaasha, waxay u egyihiin u ekaansho buuxda ee jilayaasha, iftiinka gudaha ee dabeecadda.
Cancars "Mina Moseev" Farshaxanka adduunka ayaa soo bandhigay sanadkii 1882. Taageerayaasha Kramsky iyo farshaxanka Connoisseurs ayaa wacaya sawirka wax soo saarka farxadda ugu fiican ee Rinster Russia. Xaqiiqdii, Mina Moseev - Sawirka, ETITET in shiraaca "frid bronle", goor dambe ayaa la sawiray. Shaqadani waa tusaale cad oo ka mid ah Kramsky-anaga, oo jeclaa oo fahamtay dadka reer Russia.
Sannadkii 1880-meeyadii, Ivan Kramskaya ayaa ku dhuftay oo kala goysay bulshada Band "oo aan la garanayn". Naagtu muuqatay kama tirsana bulshada sare. Waxay ku labisan tahay Ereyga ugu dambeeya ee qaabka sannadahaas, oo loo arkaa inuu yahay mid aan macquul ahayn dumarka sharafta leh.
Dhaleeceeynta Vladimir Stasov ayaa soo gaarsiisay xukunka shiraaca, isagoo ugu yeeray "Cocclotka oo kursi curyaan ah." Noocyo badan ayaa ku heshiiyay in sawirku yahay wax qani ah. Trecrentikov wuu diiday inuu iibsado sawir - warshadeynta Warshadaha Pavel KharitonEnko ayaa helay.
Farsamooyinka rinjiyeynta Kramsky - Subtle waxay ku dhammaataa, oo ah muuqaal taxaddar leh oo faahfaahsan oo dad ah. Muuqaal muuqaal ah Farshaxanka ma uusan sawirin, laakiin ku dhexjira jahwareerka "Maahmaah" iyo "Dayax-daad" oo dhalaalaya "oo dhalaalaya iftiinka dayaxa.
Ivan kramsky waxaa si sax ah loogu yeeraa hogaamiyaha fikradaha dhaqdhaqaaqa, wakiilka dhalaalaya ee farshaxanka dimoqraadiga ah ee qarnigii XIH. Sawirrada farshaxanka cajiibka ah ee la yaab leh iyo ruuxiga.
Nolol shaqsiyeed
Haweenka mustaqbalka, Sofia, farshaxan yari prohurhora ayaa la kulmay, isagoo ah arday akadeemiyada. Wuxuu jeclaaday gabadha si aad u adag oo ay dayacday wararka xanta ah ee fidsan gadaasheeda. Sumcadda Sony ma aha mid aan cillad lahayn: ka hor inta aan la aqoon Kramsky Prokhorov uu ku noolaa guur madani ah oo leh farshaxankiisa oo is qaba, oo ka bartay xaaladdiisa "aan xor ahayn" ee soo daahay.
Si kastaba ha noqotee, loogu talagalay Ivan Kram Sophia waxay noqotay muunad daahirnimo iyo daacadnimo. Xaaska / seyga ayaa sanado badan la soo saaray isaga iyo lacag la'aan, farshaxankii la tashaday iyada intii lagu jiray shaqada, oo la weydiiyay inuu tukado markii uu ka dhigay cagaar cusub.
Sophia Kramskaya waxay dhashay ninkeeda lix carruur ah. Laba ka mid ah - wiilal - waxay ku dhinteen isbadal 3 sano ah. Muuqaalka rinjiyeynta caanka ah "Reznazyyaya Brat" ayaa lagu muujiyey xaaska rinjiyeynta. Canvan kramskaya ayaa abuuray 4 sano.
Kuwa ugu xiisaha badan ee farshaxanka waa gabadha Sophia Kramskaya - ayaa galay raadkii aabaha. Sannadihii 1930-kii waxay ku soo dhacday cirifka cadaadiska.
Dhimashada
5-6 sano jir ee la soo dhaafay, jiritaanka farshaxanka waxaa lagu aqoonsaday qufac adag oo qallalan: Kragsky wuxuu lahaa toad naaseed (aneurysm wadnaha). Xanuunku wuxuu caawiyay irbadaha morphine. Wuxuu ula dhaqmay farshaxanka Sergey Botkin Botkin, oo ka dhuumanayo bukaanka magaca wiilka dilaaga ah. Ivan kramskaya wuxuu ku barbareeyay isaga fursad, ka dib marka astaamaha lagu garto encyclopedia caafimaad, si taxaddar la'aan looga tago botkin miiska.
Cudurka wadnaha (aortic aneurysm) oo sababay geerida rinjiyeynta. Wuxuu ku dhintay shaqada - sawir qaad ah oo ku saabsan Dr. Karl Rauthus. Kramskaya kama badna 2 bilood ilaa sannad-guurada 50-aad.
Waxaa lagu aasay qabuuraha Tikhnvin ee Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Shaqo
- 1880 - "Dayax Dayax"
- 1882 - "Mina Mosev"
- 1871 - "Mermaids"
- 1872 - "Masiixa ee cidlada"
- 1873 - "Sawirka farshaxanka I. I. Shehkin"
- 1873 - "Sawirka libaaxa nikololevich Tolstoy"
- 1877 - "Sawirka Empress Mary Alexandrovna"
- 1878 - "D. I. Mendelev "
- 1881 - "Sawirka Marwada"
- 1883 - "Lama oga"
- 1884 - "Rezy Mountain"
- 1886 - "Alexander III"
- 1883 - "Sawirka wiilka Sergeyga"
- 1878 - "N. A. Nekrasov inta lagu gudajiray "heesaha ugu dambeeyay"