Tari
Shahararren wayar hannu, daya daga cikin manyan masu siyarwar a cikin fasahar karni na XIX, masu zane da hoton Ivan Nikskaya zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a tarihin fasahar Rasha, tana rubutu kawai hoton "ba a san shi ba". Hoton yana ɗaya daga cikin lu'u-lu'u na gallery ɗin Moscow ɗin Moscow - sananne ga kowa da kowa a cikin yankin-Soviet sarari. "Ba a sani ba" ana kiran shi Rasha Jocinda.
Koyaya, mai sistic ya miƙa duniya tsawon ɗaruruwan mayafi, wanda ke sha'awar, ya hau. Daga cikinsu, "hasken rana", "Mina Moiseev", "Kristi a cikin jeji". Ya nufi farkon matasa na "Bunth na goma sha huɗu", wanda ya kirkiro ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi, wani fimt na dabara dan fim - kramskaya ya zama akidar da ke ba da izini ga masu zane-zane.
Yaro da matasa
An haifi mai zane a lokacin bazara na 1837 a cikin yankin Sloboda Sabuwar Awacin a ƙarƙashin bututu, wanda a cikin lardin vorononezh. An kawo shi a cikin dangin wani jami'in shugaban aiki, tradesman.
Halin mafarkin iyaye shi ne cewa vanya girma sama kuma ya zama marubuci, amma shirye-shiryen da ba a hana maƙwabta da ke da makwabta da ba a hana makwabta da ba a kanta Mikhail Tulinov. Ya bude karamar duniyar art na zane-zane kuma ya koyar don zana zane mai ruwa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yaron ya isa ga kowace dama ta fensir da rumfa ta kewaye.
Yana da shekara 12, Ivan Kramskaya ya kammala karatun watan ostrogog, karbar diflomas a duk fannoni. A wannan shekarar, saurayi ya rasa mahaifinsa ya tafi aiki. An daidaita shi a cikin garin Duma, inda ta yi aiki a gidan marubucin marubuci. Kramskaya ya aikata shi a cikin Karigari kuma ya jawo hankalinsa azaman tsaka-tsaki tare da binciken kamun kifi. Sha'awar dannawa bai shuɗe ba, kuma mutumin ya sami retoucher a mai daukar hoto, wanda ya yi tafiya duk Rasha.
A taron da ya faru a cikin 1853 ya canza tarihin rayuwar IVAN Kramsky. Lokacin da ya kasance 16, wata rajista ta isa OstroGozhhsk, kuma tare da shi Yakov Danilky, mai daukar hoto. Matasan Artist din ya shiga hidimar zuwa Danileksky. Aikin retoucher ya kawo Krasky 2 rubles. 50 kopecks A wata wata, amma babban abin da, mai daukar hoto mai daukar hoto tsawon shekaru 3, wanda Ivan ya yi masa aiki a kansa, ya koyar da saurayin da yawa. Tare da shi, ɗan wasa ya koma garin lardin lardin ga St. Petersburg.
A cikin babban birnin Arewa, Ivan Korskaya ya koma wani mai daukar hoto, Alexandrovsky. A wancan lokacin, kwarewar Youboucher ya kai ga wannan tsayin daka cewa ana kiransa da "Allahntaka." Tuni a nan a cikin Kramsky, ɗan wasa mai fasaha ya farka. Godiya ga mataimakin Alekandrovsky, ya zama mai daukar hoto na dangi na sarki kuma ya karɓi "Eagle", kuma Igone ya gayyace shi zuwa sanannen ɗalibin hoto Andrei Ereter. A cikin layi, petesburg Elite ya zama jeri ga hoto kramsky kramsky.
A St. Petersburg, Ivan Korskaya ya ɗauki mafarkin, wanda yake ƙwararrakin daga ƙuruciya: ya shiga makarantar arts. An yanke saurayin a rukunin Farfesa Alexei Markov. Mai zane na gaba a cikin shekaru na farko ya zama shugaban matasa ilimi.
A cikin 1863, an samo ƙaramin azurfa da ƙananan zinare na zinare a cikin Bankin SPILGY na mai fasaha mai fasaha. Daga Babban kyautar - babban lambar zinare da kuma tafiya mai shekaru 6 a kasashen waje na waje - Kramsky ya ba da ɗan hoto a kan batun da aka gabatar.
Koyaya, don nuna makircin daga Makarfin Mythology 14 na 'yan takarar 15 don lambar yabo ta gaske, ga hotunan da aka nuna a rayuwarsu. Ya shugabanci Buncti Ivan Kramskaya. Daliban sun ƙi yin wani, ba makirci na almara ba, kuma sun bar jarabawar ta ƙarshe.
Zane
Bayan kammala karatun daga makarantar kimiyya, Kramskaya ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci fasahar masu fasaha na kyauta, wanda ya shiga digiri na biyu da mutane masu kama da juna. Masters sun dauki umarni don hotunan hoto da kwafin shahararrun manyan maganganu, misalta littattafai.
Ivan Kramskaya buga hadadden aiki: Hotunan zane, suna neman abokan ciniki, rarraba kuɗi, sun ɗauki ɗalibai. Ofayansu Ilya Re repin ne. A tsakiyar shekarun 1860, mai fasaha ya ɗauki fentin fentin gidan haikalin Moscow da Mai Ceto: Sketches akan kwali na kwali.
A cikin 1869, mai zane ya fara zuwa Turai don sanin fasahar yamma. Abubuwan da Rasha suka karbe bayan da a sanar da ayyukanta da nunin hotunan zane-zane na Turai na Turai ya juya ya zama sabani. Ya bambanta da yawancin compatriots, Westor Sport ba ta sa shi farin ciki.
Bayan ya dawo gida, mai zane yana da rikici da wani abokin aiki a cewar Arteel: ya keta dokokin arts, ya karbe ta hanyar tafiya ta kasashen waje da aka biya. Kramskaya ta bar Arel. Ba tare da shi, alumma da sauri ta watse.
Mai zanen ya kafa sabon tsari na kirkire-kirkire, yana kiransa abokin nunin zane-zane na wayar hannu. Tare da masu kafa KRAM da Kakardun haɗin sun zama Gregory Myasedov, Alexey Savrasev, lallasa ta fallasa. Masu zane-zane sun yi hamayya da kai ga mabiyan ilimi na ilimi, sun kwace nunin faifan hannu a duk biranen daular da suka kai shi ga mutane.
A nune-nunin kawuna, wadanda suke so su so zane. Ofayansu shine "Mayu na dare na goga - goga goga da kuma patrono mai ɗorawa Patretakov. Makullin Mystical, wahayi zuwa ta Nikolai Gogol, ɗan wasa ya fentin a Malorus.
A cikin 1872, Ivan Korskaya ya sanya bugun fenariti na ƙarshe a kan "Kristi a cikin jeji", Canvas, wanda ya zama sanannen aikinsa. Hoton da nan da nan ya samu don dubu 6 (dunƙulen dunsses na Tretyakov. Aikin an samar da aikin ta fuskoki, kuma Alma Meter na zanen ya kusan ci taken kramsky din farfesa, amma ya ki.
Amma babban ɗaukakar da ke cikin zamanin Ivan Kramskaya ta samu a matsayin hoton. Bayanan zaki Tolstoy, Sergey Botkin, Taras Shevchkinto, Ivan Shishkin, bisa ga bayanan zamanin zanen, suna da cikakkiyar haruffa, cikin haske yanayin.
Canvas "Mina Moiseev" mai zane ya gabatar da duniya a cikin 1882. Fans of Kramsky da Art Ornoisseurs suna kira hoton mai daɗi tare da mafi kyawun samfuran mai zane na Rasha. A zahiri, Mina Moiseev - Sketch, etedch, etude zuwa zane "beluasy tare da zane", an zana shi daga baya. Wannan aikin shine mafi kusa misali na Kramsky-ɗan Adam, wanda ya ƙaunace kuma ya fahimci mutanen Rasha.
A cikin 1880s, Ivan Kramskaya ya buga kuma raba al'adar kungiyar "ba a sani ba". Matar da aka nuna ba ta da mafi girma al'umma ba. Tana sanye da maganar ta ƙarshe ta yanayin waɗancan shekarun, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi ba tare da abin da ke cikin manyan ladies ba.
Wanda ya soki vladimir Stasov ya ba da hukuncin zane, yana kiran shi "Cockclotka a cikin keken hannu." Da yawa zamani sun yarda cewa hoton abun ciki ne mai wadatar arziki. Tretyakov ya ƙi sayi hoto - Favel Kharingo ya sami shi.
Tsarin zanen Kramsky - dabara, makirci, mai hankali da cikakken hoto na mutane. Landscapes da zane ba su zana ba, amma a cikin cuvases "Mayu na dare" da kuma "hasken rana ya nuna hasken Lunar.
Ivan Korsky ne da ake kira Jagorar akida ta motsi, mafi kyawun wakilin zane-zane na karni na Xih. Hoton mai zane mai ban tausayi mai ban tsoro da ruhaniya.
Rayuwar sirri
Tare da matar aure ta gaba, Sofia, Prophora Matasan Artist haduwa, kasancewa ɗalibin makarantar kimiyya. Ya ƙaunaci yarinyar da wuya ta yi watsi da jita-jitar da ke kwance a baya. Sunan Sony ba shi da saukarwa ba: kafin sanin Keramhorov ya rayu a cikin aurenta mai aure, koyawa game da matsayin "ba 'yanci ba latti ba.
Koyaya, ga Ivan Kam Sophia ya zama samfurin tsarkakakke da aminci. Auren ya raba shekaru tare da shi da rashin kuɗi, mai zane, ya nemi shawara tare da ita yayin aikin, ya nemi yin addu'a lokacin da ya yi addu'a ga sabon gvase.
Sophia kramskaya ya haifi mijinta na yara shida. Biyu daga cikinsu - 'ya'ya - sun mutu tare da bambancin shekaru 3. A mashahurin zanen "Rezazyaya Mountain" wanda aka nuna matar mai zane. Canvasvanvan kramskaya ya ƙunshi shekaru 4.
Abin da aka fi so ɗan zane shi ne 'yar Sophia Karrskaya - ya shiga cikin zambiyoyin Uba. A cikin 1930s fadi a karkashin rink na danniya.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekaru 5- 7 da suka gabata, an tabbatar da wani mai zane da aka bushe da bushewar tari: Kormsky yana da ƙyallen kere (Aannesm na zuciya). Hugen azaba ya taimaka wa allurar cututtukan jiki. Ya kula da Artist Sergey Botkin, wanda yake boyewa daga mai haƙuri sunan cutar ta muni. Ivan Kramskaya koya game da shi kwatsam, bayan karanta alamun a cikin encyclopedia na likita, hagu da BOLKINDELESLELESLELED ON TOB.
Cutar zuciya (Aortic Aruneysm) kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mai zanen. Ya mutu a wurin aiki - Zana hoton hoton Dr. Karl Raushus. Kramskaya ba ta tsira daga watanni 2 zuwa bikin cika shekaru 50 ba.
An binne shi a Kabilar Tikhvin Nevsky Lavra.
Aiki
- 1880 - "Wata
- 1882 - "Mina Moiseev"
- 1871 - "Mermaids"
- 1872 - "Kristi a cikin hamada"
- 1873 - "Hoton Artist I. I. Shishkin"
- 1873 - "hoton zaki Nikolayevich Tolstoy"
- 1877 - "Hoton hoto Alexandrovna"
- 1878 - "D. I. Mendeleev "
- 1881 - "Hoton Lady"
- 1883 - "Ba a sani ba"
- 1884 - "Hagu na Rezazy"
- 1886 - "Alexander III"
- 1883 - "Hoton Hoton Sergeey"
- 1878 - "N. A. nekrasov yayin "waƙoƙin ƙarshe"