Ubuzima
Terefone izwi cyane, umwe mu bavugurura mu buhanzi bwa XIX, irangi na Portraitiste Ivan NikoLavich Kramskaya yashoboraga kuguma mu mateka y'ubuhanzi w'Uburusiya, atamenya ". Ishusho ni imwe muri diyama ya moscow tretaniov gallery - izwi na buri wese kandi abantu bose bari mukarere k'umwanya wa nyuma wa Soviet. "Ntazwi" yitwa Umurusiya Joconda.
Ariko, umuhanzi yerekanye isi kumajana, ashima, aratangara. Muri bo, "urumuri rw'ukwezi", "MINA MOISEEV", "mu butayu". Yerekeje mu rubyiruko rwa mbere rw '"umugati wa cumi na bane", waremye ubumwe bw'ingendo, kunegura ubuhanzi bworoshye - Kramskaya yabaye ingengabitekerezo y'abahanzi nyaburanga.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umuhanzi yavutse mu mpeshyi ya 1837 muri Suburbada Sloboda Mamamana mashya munsi ya Feriteri, mu ntara ya Voronez. Yazanywe mu muryango w'umuyobozi w'umuyobozi, umucuruzi.
Ikigereranyo cy'inzozi z'ababyeyi ni uko VANA yakuze maze aba umwanditsi, ariko umugambi wamennye utabishaka umuturanyi Mikhail Tulinov yihishe Mikhail Tulinov. Yafunguye imbaho nto isi y'ubuhanzi kandi yigishijwe gukuramo amabara. Kuva icyo gihe, umuhungu afite agaciro gahagije kuri buri amahirwe yikaramu kandi ashushanya isi ikikije.
Mfite imyaka 12, Ivan Kramskaya yarangije amashuri ya Ostrogog, yakira impamyabumenyi mu ngingo zose. Muri uwo mwaka, umwangavu yabuze se ajya ku kazi. Yatuye mu mujyi Duma, aho yari yakoraga mbere mu mwanya wa se. Kramskaya yashyizwe mu muhamagaro kandi akururwa nkumuhuza nubushakashatsi bwo kuroba. Icyifuzo cyo gushushanya nticyabuze, kandi umusore abona umuyoboro ku mufotozi, aho yagenze mu Burusiya bwose.
Ibirori byabaye mu 1853 byahinduye ubuzima bwa Ivan Kramsky. Igihe yari afite imyaka 16, ikizamini cyo gukiza cyageze muri Ostrogozhsk, hamwe na we Yakov Danilevsky, umufotozi. Umuhanzi ukiri muto yinjiye muri serivisi yerekeza kuri Danilevsky. Igikorwa cya revouch cyazanye kramsky 2. Kopekes 50 Ku kwezi, ariko ikintu cyingenzi, umufotozi ufite umuhanga ufite impano imyaka 3, ibyo Ivan yamukoreye, yigishije umusore cyane. Hamwe na we, umuhanzi yimukiye mu mujyi w'intara kuri St. Petersburg.
Mu majyaruguru y'umurwa mukuru, Ivan Kramskaya yimukiye ku wundi mufoto, Alexandrovsky. Muri icyo gihe, ubuhanga bw'umuyoboro ukiri muto wageze ku burebure bw'uko yiswe "Imana yo mu nyanja." Bimaze noneho muri Kramsky, igishushanyo cya portraited yakangutse. Ndashimira umufasha wa Aleksandrovsky, yabaye umufotora wumuryango wubwami kandi yakiriye "kagoma", na Ivana yatumiwe mu mafoto azwi cyane ya Andrei. Ku murongo, Elite ya Petersburg yabaye umurongo ku ifoto ya kramsky.
Muri St. Petersburg, Ivan Kramskaya yatwaye inzozi, yakundaga kuva mu bwana: yinjiye mu ishuri ry'ubuhanzi. Umusore yariyemeje mu itsinda rya Porofeseri Alexei Martov. Ikirangizo kizaza mumyaka yambere byabaye umuyobozi wurubyiruko rwamasomo.
Mu 1863, wasangaga umudari muto wa zahabu hamwe na zahabu ya zahabu yabonetse muri banki y'ingurube y'umuhanzi ufite impano. Kuva ku gihembo nyamukuru - umudari munini wa zahabu hamwe n'urugendo runini rw'umwaka w'imyaka 6 mu mahanga - Kramsky yatanze bike: ku marushanwa yo guhanga yari akwiye gushushanya ku ishusho ku ngingo yatanzwe.
Ariko, kwerekana umugambi uva mumigani ya Scandinaviya 14 kuri 15 abakandida kumudayi banze - muri societe yashishikarije ubwoko bufatika, kumashusho mubuzima bwa buri munsi bwerekanwe. Yerekeje Buncti Ivan Kramskaya. Abanyeshuri banze gushushanya undi, ntabwo ari umugambi wumugani, kandi bava mu kizamini gisoza.
Gushushanya
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi muri iryo shuri, Kramskaya yateguwe kandi ayoboye Artil abahanzi b'ubuntu, yinjiye mu barangije ndetse n'abantu bahuje ibitekerezo. Ba shebuja bategetse amashusho na kopi yinkuta zizwi, ibitabo byerekana amashusho.
Ivan Kramskaya yakubise cyane: Amashusho ashushanyije, ashakisha abakiriya, akwirakwizwa amafaranga, yafashe abanyeshuri. Umwe muri bo yari ILyaya. Hagati mu myaka ya 1860, umuhanzi yafashe amarangi y'igisibo cy'urusengero rwa Moscou ya Kristo Umukiza: Igishushanyo cyashushanyije mu makarito y'abanyeshuri.
Mu 1869, umurangi wabaye bwa mbere mu Burayi kumenyera ubuhanzi bw'iburengerazuba. Ibitekerezo byakiriwe na Databuja w'Uburusiya nyuma yo kumenyana n'ibibujijwe ibihangano by'umurwa mukuru w'i Burayi byagaragaye ko bivuguruzanya. Bitandukanye na comptriots nyinshi, ubutwari bwiburengerazuba ntabwo yamuteye umunezero.
Nyuma yo gusubira mu rugo, umuhanzi yari afite amakimbirane na mugenzi wanjye akurikije amategeko agenga Arteel: yarenze ku mategeko ya cumi na bane, yemeye n'ishuri ry'ubuhanzi urugendo rwo mu mahanga yishyuwe. Kramskaya yavuye muri Artel. Bitabaye ibyo, abaturage bahise batandukana.
Irangi ryashinze ishyirahamwe rishya ryahanga, kumuhamagara mugenzi wawe imurikagurisha rya mobile. Hamwe na hamwe na kaburimbo yashinze ubufatanye bwabaye Gregory, Alexey Savrasov, Pedes Spes. Abahanzi ba mobile bashinzwe kuba abayoboke b'amasomo, batwaye imurikagurisha rigendanwa mu mijyi yose yo mu bwami, akwirakwiza ubuhanzi no kumwegera ku bantu.
Kumurikagurisha mumitwe, abashaka kurya canvas. Umwe muri bo ni "Gicurasi" wa Brush ya Kramsky - yaguze umukinnyi wa Patron na Gallery PaltEnkov. Umugambi wamayobera, wahumetswe na Nikolai Gogol, umuhanzi yashushanyije muri Malorus.
Mu 1872, Ivan Kramskaya yakoze inkoni ya nyuma kuri "Kristo mu butayu" Canvas, yabaye umurimo uzwi cyane. Ishusho yahise ibona amafaranga ibihumbi 6 ya Tretykov. Akazi kakozwe na Soior, kandi Alma Mater ya pirite hafi yariye umutwe wa Kramsky wa Porofeseri, ariko aranga.
Ariko icyubahiro gikomeye muri abo mu gihe Ivan Kramskaya yabonye nk'urumoruro. Amashusho ye yinzoka, Sergey Botty, Taras Shevchenko, ukurikije amakuru yabatori ya pinter, mugire ibintu byuzuye ku ntwari no kohereza inyuguti, umucyo w'imbere.
Canvas "Mina Moiseev" Umuhanzi yerekanye isi mu 1882. Abafana ba Kramsky na Art Thisseurs Hamagara igishushanyo cyumuhinzi hamwe nibicuruzwa byiza byumusigaji wuburusiya. Mubyukuri, Mina Moiseev - Igishushanyo, etude kuri canvas "umuhinzi ufite umusego", gushushanya nyuma. Uyu murimo ni urugero rwiza rwumuntu wa Kramsky-wumuntu, wakundaga kandi usobanukirwa abarusiya.
Mu myaka ya 1880, Ivan Kramskaya yakubise kandi igabanya sosiyete inde "itazwi". Umugore yerekanye ntabwo ari uw'umuryango wo hejuru. Yambaye mu ijambo rya nyuma ry'imyambarire y'iyo myaka iyo myaka, yafatwaga nk'ibiteye isoni ku bandi bakuru b'icyubahiro.
Umunegura Vladimir Stasov yatanze umwanzuro w'Inavasi, amuhamagara "Cockclotka mu kagare k'abamugaye." Benshi mu gihe bemeje ko igishushanyo ari ibintu bikungahaye. Tretykov yanze kugura ifoto - Uruganda rwa Inganda Khatononen wabonye.
Tekinike ya Kramsky - irangira irangiye, ishusho yitonda kandi irambuye yabantu. Ahantu h'umuhanzi ntabwo yashushanyije, ariko muri tovase "Gicurasi" n "" urumuri "rwerekana neza urumuri rw'ukwezi.
Ivan Kramsky yitwa neza Umuyobozi wimbere, uhagarariye ubuhanga bwubuhanzi bwa demokarasi bwa Xih. Amashusho yumuhanzi ubumuntu nigitangaza kandi bwumwuka.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Hamwe numugore uzaza, Sofiya, umuhanzi wumusore wahuye, kuba umunyeshuri wishuri. Yakundaga umukobwa cyane ku buryo yirengagije ibihuha biramukandagira. Amazina ya Sony nta makosa atari: mbere yuko uwo tumenyana na Kramsky Prokhorov yabayeho mu ishyingiranwa ry'umuryango wabashakanye, imyigaragambyo ye itinze.
Ariko, kuri Ivan Kram Sophia yabaye icyitegererezo cyo kwera no kuba indahemuka. Uwo mwashakanye yagabanyije imyaka no kubura amafaranga, umuhanzi yagishije inama mu gihe cyakazi, yasabye gusenga igihe yayoboraga.
Sophia Kramskaya yibarutse umugabo we w'abana batandatu. Babiri muri bo - abahungu - bapfuye bafite itandukaniro ry'imyaka 3. Ku gishushanyo kizwi "Rezazynaya Mount" cyerekanwe nuwo mwashakanye. Canvas Ivan Kramskaya yashizeho imyaka 4.
Gukunda Umuhanzi ni umukobwa wa Sofiya Kramskaya - yagiye ikirenge cya Data. Mu myaka ya za 1930 zaguye munsi yo gukandamizwa.
Urupfu
Mu myaka 5-6 ishize, kuba umuhanzi yamenyekanye ninkorora ikomeye yumye: Kramsky yari afite toad yonsa (aneughys yumutima). Guhobera ububabare bwafashije inshinge za morphine. Yafataga umuhanzi Sergey Bowkin Botkin, wari wihishe umurwayi izina ry'indwara yica. Ivan Kramskaya yamwigiyeho ku bw'amahirwe, nyuma yo gusoma ibimenyetso muri encyclopedia y'ubuvuzi, asigaye asigaye na bowkin kumeza.
Indwara yumutima (Aortic Aneughsm) kandi yateje urupfu rwamabaniko. Yapfiriye ku kazi - ashushanya igishushanyo cya Dr. Karl Rautsus. Kramskaya ntabwo yarokotse amezi 2 ku isabukuru yimyaka 50.
Yashyinguwe ku irimbi rya Tikhvin rya Alexander Lavra.
Akazi
- 1880 - "Lifer,
- 1882 - "Mina Moiseev"
- 1871 - "Mermies"
- 1872 - "Kristo mu butayu"
- 1873 - "Ishusho yumuhanzi I. I. Shishkin"
- 1873 - "Portrait y'Intare Nikolayevich Tolstoy"
- 1877 - "Portrait ya Ejombere Mariya Alexandrovna"
- 1878 - "D. I. Mendeleev "
- 1881 - "Portrait yumudamu"
- 1883 - "Ntazwi"
- 1884 - "Rezazy Umusozi"
- 1886 - "Alexander III"
- 1883 - "Portrait y'umuhungu wa Sergey"
- 1878 - "N. A. Nekrasov mu "Indirimbo Zanyuma"