Biography
Ifowuni edumileyo edumileyo, omnye wabahlaziyi abaphambili kubugcisa be-Xix, umzobo kunye ne-Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskaya inokuhlala kwimbali yobugcisa baseRussia, ebhala kuphela umzobo "ongaziwayo". Lo mfanekiso yenye yeedayimani ze-mosciakov yegalari-yaziwa kuye wonke umntu kwaye wonke umntu okwintsimi ye-post-soviet. "Ayengaziwa" kubizwa ngokuba yiRussia joconda.
Nangona kunjalo, umzobi wazisa ihlabathi ngamakhulweni eendwangu zelaphu, evumayo, emangaliswe kwaye abenyuka. Phakathi kwabo, "ukukhanya kwenyanga", "dani moieev", "mermaids", "uKristu entlango". Wambhekisa ebutsheni obutsha 'lwe-buns yeshumi elinesine,' owadala umanyano lweentshukumo, umgxeki wobugcisa obufihlakeleyo - uKramsaya waba yingcinga yokwenyani.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umculi wazalwa ngehlobo le-1837 kwi-Subbanban Subbana enamakhulu amatsha phantsi kwebhateri, kwiphondo elikwiphondo leVoronezh. Inyukele kusapho lonobhala wenkundla, urhweba.
Uqikelelo lwamaphupha abazali yayikukhula kwaphela ukuba uVanya wakhulela waza waba ngumbhali, kodwa izicwangciso ezingaziweyo zaphula umkhweli ozifundisayo i-Artist ye-mikhail tulinov. Uvule i-kram yehlabathi elincinci lobugcisa kwaye wafundisa ukutsala iipeyinti zamanzi. Ukususela ngoko, inkwenkwe ifanelekile ithuba ngalinye lepensile kwaye lisonge ilizwe elijikelezileyo.
Kwiminyaka eyi-12, uIvan Kramskaya uphumelele kwikhosi yesikolo se-OSTROGO, efumana idiploma kuzo zonke izifundo. Kwakuloo nyaka, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo waphulukana noyise kwaye waya emsebenzini. Ihlala kwiSixeko saseDuma, apho wayesebenza khona kwiposi yoBawo. I-Kramskaya isebenza kwi-calligraphy kwaye yatsalwa njengommeli ngophando lokuloba. Umnqweno wokuzoba awuzange unyamalale, kwaye umntu ofumana iRetoucker kumfoti, awayehamba nayo yonke iRussia.
Umsitho owenzekileyo ngo-1853 utshintshe i-biography ye-Ivan Kramsky. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16, i-humer yokufa ihlanjelwe eOstrogozhsk, kwaye kunye naye uYakov Danilevsky, umfoti. Umcubi oselula wangena kwinkonzo ukuya eDanilevsky. Umsebenzi weRetoucler wazisa i-ruglesky 2 ruble 2. I-50 kopecks Ngenyanga, kodwa eyona nto iphambili, umfo onetalente enetalente iminyaka emi-3, eyayimsebenzela uIvan, yafundisa umfana omkhulu. Kunye naye, umculi wawusuka kwidolophu yephondo yePhondo ukuya kwi-St. Petersburg.
Kumakhulu omantla, uIvan Kramskaya wafudukela kwelinye ifoto, uAlexandrovsky. Ngelo xesha, ubuchule beRetouver abancinci befikelele kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kangangokuba wabizwa ngokuba "nguThixo omozulu." Sele ke eKramsky, i-porratiist enetalente ivutha. Ngenxa yomncedisi weAleksandrovsky, waba ngumfoti wentsapho yasempem kwaye wafumana "ukukhozi", kwaye uIvana wamenyelwa kwifoto eyaziwayo yefoto uAndrei. Emgceni, iPeterburg Elite yaba ngumgca wefoto yeKramsky.
Kwi-St. Petersburg, ivan Kramskaya ithathe iphupha, elalixhalabile ukusuka ebuntwaneni: Ungenelele kwi-Academy yobugcisa. Lo mfana wayezimisele kwiqela loNjingalwazi uAlexei Markov. I-Pestter yexesha elizayo kwiminyaka yokuqala iye yaba yinkokeli yolutsha olubalulekileyo.
Ngo-1863, isilivere encinci kunye nembasa encinci yegolide ifumaneka kwi-piggy Bank yomculi onetalente. Ukusuka kwimbasa ephambili - imbasa enkulu yegolide kunye nohambo oluhlawulelwayo oneminyaka engama-6 ubudala - uKramsky wanikela kancinane: kubuchule bokuyila kufuneka batsalele umfanekiso kwisihloko esicetywayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubonakalisa i-DCHOGE kwi-SCAndinavian Mythology 14 kwaba-15 kwaba-15 abantu abayi-15 basoyika ukuba banomdla kuhlobo oluyinyani, kwimifanekiso apho ubomi bemihla ngemihla baboniswa khona. Wayisebenzisa iBunti Ivan Kramskaya. Abafundi bala ukuzola enye, hayi iyelenqe lentsomi, kwaye bashiya uvavanyo lokugqibela.
Ukupeyinta
Emva kokuphumelela kwi-Academy, iKramskaya yaqokelela kwaye ikhokele i-Arhel yamagcisa asimahla, ababengenabantu abaphumeleleyo kunye nabantu abanengqondo efanayo. Iinkosi zathatha imiyalelo yemifanekiso kunye neekopi ze-canvanes ezidumileyo, iincwadi ezinemifanekiso.
U-Ivan Kramskaya wabetha i-Hardking: Imizobo epeyintiweyo, ifuna abathengi, basasaza imali, bathatha abafundi. Omnye wabo yayingu-Ilya. Embindini we-1860s, umzobi wathabatha ngaphezulu kwepeyintiwe ye-Domes yeTempile ye-Mscow kaKristu uMsindisi: Imizobo kwikhadibhodi yaseCrarian enziwe kwiminyaka yomfundi.
Ngo-1869, umhlungu kakhulu waqala ukuya eYurophu ukuba uqhelene nobugcisa basentshona. Iimpembelelo ezifunyenwe yinkosi yaseRussia emva kokwazi ngemiboniso yeegalari zobugcisa ze-European Capitals zavela ukuba ziphikise. Ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe amaninzi, ubugcisa baseNtshona awuzange mnandi.
Emva kokubuyela ekhaya, umculi wayenongquzulwano nomntu osebenza naye ngokutsho kweArteel: Ukophula imigaqo yeshumi elinesine, eyamkela i-Academy ye-ACADMIREAREAREAS. UKramskaya washiya i-ARTE. Ngaphandle kwawo, uluntu lwahlukana ngokukhawuleza.
Umzobo osungulwe umbutho omtsha wokudala, umbizele iqabane lemiboniso yeselula. Ngokudibeneyo kunye nabasunguli be-KRRAGRATION baba ngumGregory myGerysov, Alexey Savrasov, Gasily Gasm. Amagcisa eefowuni ayayichasa abalandeli bezemfundo, baqhuba imiboniso yazo zonke izixeko zobukumkani, ubugcisa obudala kwaye busondela kuye ebantwini.
Kule miboniso yeentloko, abo bafuna ukubathanda i-canvas. Enye yazo ngu "Ubusuku" begazi likaKramsky-uthenge i-patron kunye negalari pavel pavel tytytov. I-Mystical iyelenqe, ephefumlelwe nguNikolai Gogol, umculi opeyintiweyo eMalolus.
Ngo-1872, uIvan Kramskaya wenza imivimbo yokugqibela kwi "Kristu entlango" ye-canvas, eyayingumsebenzi wakhe odumileyo. Lo mfanekiso wafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza amawaka ama-6 e-ruble ye-trayokov. Umsebenzi waveliswa ngelondolozo, kwaye i-alma mater yomthendeleko iphantse yatya isihloko seKramsky sonjingalwazi, kodwa wala.
Kodwa olona loyiko lukhulu phakathi kwabantu ababephila ngexesha likaIvan Kramskaya olufunyenwe njengemifanekiso. Imifanekiso yeNgonyama iTellstoy, iSergey Botkin, Taras Shevchenko, ivan shishkin, ngokolwazi lwamaqhawe, ukukhanya kwendalo, ukukhanya kwendalo.
I-canvas "mina moiseev" Umculi wazisa umhlaba ngo-1882. Abalandeli be-kramsky kunye ne-ArticsSsearsSseursers babiza umzobo we-peasant ngemveliso ebalaseleyo yepeyinti yaseRussia. Ngapha koko, mina moiseev-sketch, ethani ukuya kwi-canvas "enamachaphaza" kunye nebridle ", zitsaliwe kamva. Lo msebenzi ungumzekelo ocacileyo weKramsky-gostist, owawuthandwayo kwaye waqonda abantu baseRussia.
Ngeminyaka yee-1880, ivan Kramskaya ihla kwaye yahlula-hlula i-band "engaziwayo". Lo mfazi ubonisiweyo akangoburhulumente obuphezulu. Unxibe ngegama lokugqibela lefashoni yeminyaka, eyayithathwa njengento ebonakalayo kumanenekazi.
I-vladimir ye-vladimir stasov ihambise isigwebo se-canvas, simbiza ngokuba "yi-cockctka kwisitulo esinamavili." Uninzi lwabantu ababehlala bekudala bavumile ukuba umzobo ngumxholo osisityebi. UTrengcikov akazange avume ukuthenga umfanekiso-I-Dovel KharitoneKyo ifunyenwe.
Indlela yokupeyinta iKramsky - Ukugqitywa kwengqondo, ngononophelo nangeenkcukacha zabantu. Imihlaba yomthamo ayizange itsale, kodwa kwimihla yehlaselo "kunye" nokukhanya kwenyanga "kubonisa ubuqaqawuli benyanga.
U-Ivan Kramsky ubizwa ngokuba yinkokeli yentshukumo, omele ubukhulu bedemokhrasi yenkulungwane ye-Xih. Imifanekiso yomthambi yomculi ngokuqinisekileyo inobudenge kwaye ingamandla.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye nenkosikazi yexesha elizayo, uSofia, umthamo omncinci wadibana, waba ngumfundi weAkhademi. Wayithanda intombazana kangangokuba wayengazihoya amahemuhemu ezolula emva kwakhe. Isidima sikaSony sasingabi semthethweni: Ngaphambi kokuba umntu omaziyo nge-kramsky pronokrov ahlala kumtshato waseburhulumenteni kunye nomculi otshatileyo, efunda ngokufika "malunga"
Nangona kunjalo, ku-Ivan Kram Kram Sophia baba yisampulu yokunyaniseka nokunyaniseka. Umlingane wahlule iminyaka kunye nokunqongophala kwemali, umculi wanikana naye ngexesha lomsebenzi, wacela ukuba athandaze xa ene-canvase entsha.
USophia Kramskaya wazala umyeni wakhe kubantwana abathandathu. Ababini kubo - oonyana-bafa kunye nomahluko weminyaka emi-3. Kwipeyinti edumileyo "Intaba yaseRezaliseyA" ibonisa iqabane lika-Pest. I-Canvas Ivan Ivan Kramskaya yenze iminyaka emi-4.
Into oyithandayo yomculi yintombi yeSochia kramskaya - yahamba emanyathelweni kaBawo. Ngeminyaka yee-1930 zawa phantsi kwe-tink yengcinezelo.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka emi-5 -6 edlulileyo yobomi, ubukho bomculi wanakanwa kukukhohlela okuqinileyo: UKramsky wayenetadi yokuncancisa (i-Aneurysm yentliziyo). Intlungu hug yanceda intsholongwane ye morphine. Waphatha umculi weTergey Bhotkin, owayefihlakele kunesigulana igama lesidlo esibulalayo. U-Ivan Kramskaya wafunda ngaye ngamabona-phumela, emva kokufunda iimpawu kwi-Encyclopedia yezonyango, engasenekanga nge-botkin etafileni.
Isifo sentliziyo (i-Anertic Aneurysm) kwaye yabangela ukufa komthendeleko. Wasweleka emsebenzini - uzoba umzobo kaGqr. Karl rauphus. UKramskaya akazange aphile kwiinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwelama-50 ubudala.
Wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba eTikvin yeAlexander Nevsky Lavra.
Sebenza
- 1880 - "ukukhanya kwenyanga"
- 1882 - "Mina Moiseevev"
- Ngo-1871 - "mermaids"
- Ngo-1872 - "UKristu Entlango"
- Ngo-1873 - "umzobo womculi i. I. shishkin"
- Ngo-1873 - "I-PRORTRAIT ye-Lon Nikolayevich Tolstoy"
- Ngo-1877 - "I-PRORRAIT YE-EPRORRY ALEXANDROVN"
- Ngo-1878 - "D. I. Mendeleev "
- 1881 - "I-Prorait yenenekazi"
- 1883 - "engaziwa"
- 1884 - "Rezazy intaba"
- Ngo-1886 - "Alexander III"
- 1883 - "umzobo wonyana kaSergey"
- Ngo-1878 - "N. A. Nekrasov ngexesha "iingoma zokugqibela"