I-Biograge
I-Jackson Pollock ngumculi waseMelika, omele ukunyakaza okungabonakali kwezinkulumo zekhulu le-XX, owaziwa ngesitayela esiyingqayizivele sokudweba phansi. Ukuba yinkosi edumile yesizukulwane sakhe, umdwebi ushiye amagugu acebile agcinwe emaqoqweni angasese futhi avezwa ekuchazeni iminyuziyamu ehamba phambili yobuciko besimanje.Ubuntwana nentsha
UPaul Jackson Polson wazalwa ngoJanuwari 29, 1912 edolobheni lase-American of Cody, Wyoming, emndenini omkhulu wasePresbyterian waseStalla Mei noLeroy Pollock. Ubaba womculi wesikhathi esizayo wayengumlimi kanye ne-amermer, futhi umama, eqhubeka namasiko emindeni, wawubandakanyekile ekuluka.
Ekuseni kukaJackson nabafowethu, okokuqala e-Arizona, kwabe sekuya eCalifornia. Eminyakeni ye-Young, iPollock yayinesifiso sesiko labantu bomdabu baseMelika, behamba noYise ezweni.
Ngo-1928, ngemuva komzamo ongaphumelelanga wokwenza umsebenzi wesisebenzi, le nsizwa yangena eLos Angeles School yezobuciko ezisetshenzisiwe, lapho ahlangana khona nokusebenzelana nemimoya. Esikhungweni sezemfundo, uJackson wahlala isikhathi eside, wawungafakwanga ngokusebenzisa kabi utshwala nokuziphatha okungagculisi.
Ngo-1930, ngemuva kokuba umdala umfowethu uCharles Polelock wathuthela eNew York ngaphansi kokuqala kukaThomas Hart Benton, owayesebenza kwiNhlangano Yabafundi bezobuciko. Izindikimba zasemakhaya zemisebenzi yothisha azinendaba noJackson, kepha indlela yokudlulisa umbala kanye nemvelo ezimele yemidwebo ebekwe uphawu emsebenzini we-painter yesikhathi esizayo.
Imidwebo
Ugqugquzelwe ngumsebenzi weMexico Muralista Muralista David Alfaro Sikeros, iPollock yaqala ukusebenza emhlanganweni wokuhlola eNew York, lapho alwazi khona inqubo yokusebenzisa upende we-wizadi, osephenduke ikhadi le-wizadi. Kusukela ngo-1938 kuya ku-1942, uJackson wabamba iqhaza emnyangweni wezobuciko wobuciko bemisebenzi yomphakathi yase-United States, ngokufana, edlula enkambweni yokwelashwa.
Ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kabusha, udokotela wezifo zengqondo uJoseph Henderson, umlandeli wendlela yokuhlaziya eKarl Jung, wakhuthaza intshiseko yokudala yomculi, yenza inqubo yokudweba ingxenye yokwelashwa. Umthelela wale ndlela uthinte imisebenzi yomculi wesikhathi, njenge- "Mon Woman" kanye ne- "Wolf" eyabhalwa ngo-1942 nango-1943.
Imidwebo edume kakhulu nge-Master eyakhiwe "esikhathini se-Drip" phakathi kuka-1947 no-1950. Ngalesi sikhathi, umdwebi wathonywa yimisebenzi kaThomas Hart Benton, uPablo Picasso noJoan Miro. Waqala ukusebenzisa ama-alkyd onamel, upende osuselwa kuma-resins wokwenziwa esikhundleni sokuhlanganiswa kwendabuko kwezobuciko. UJackson wasebenzisa amabhulashi aphathwa ngesandla, ama-wands kanye namasirinji wokunisela.
Ukulingisa inqubo yokwakha imidwebo yesihlabathi saseNdiya, i-pollock ayinakho nge-canvas phansi ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka nxazonke. Le ndlela yokudala ama-abstrtrised ayizange icabange amafomu nemibala engahleliwe, umdwebi wayazi ngokusobala ukuthi lokhu noma leyo ndawo kuzokuvela kanjani. Ukuphonsa, ukudonsa, ukuthulula nokufafaza, uJackson wathuthela ngamandla kwi-canvas, cishe njengomdanso, futhi akazange ame aze abone lokho ayefuna ukukubona. Indlela enjalo yaqanjwa ngokuthi "izenzo zokupenda" ngesandla esikhanyayo sesazi-mlando sobuciko uHarold Rosenberg.
Ngo-1950, intatheli esencane uHans Machda wenza isithombe se-pollock esezinhlelweni zomsebenzi. Uchungechunge lwezinzwa lwezithombe lwaprintwa kumagazini "wezindaba zobuciko". Efuna umbukeli ukuthi abone imisebenzi njengopende ohlanzekile, uJackson wenqaba amagama futhi waqala ukubalwa kwezinombolo zomsebenzi wakhe ngosizo lwezinombolo ezingathathi hlangothi, hhayi ukusunduza isibukeli ekufuneni inhloso yobuciko bombhali.
I-Web "No. 5.1948", yethulwa okokuqala emibukini yomuntu siqu ye-Parsons Okokuqala, yabhalwa ngopende owuketshezi wemibala empunga, nsundu, emhlophe kanye nephuzi futhi yatholwa njengesidleke senyoni. Ngo-2006, kwathengiswa ngenani lerekhodi lama- $ 140 wezigidi futhi laba ngomunye wemidwebo ebiza kakhulu ye-American Expentists.
Ngo-2015, umlando wezindleko zomsebenzi waphulwa ngumsebenzi "Inombolo 17a" ethengiswa ngumtshalizimali kanye nePhilanthropus Kenneth K. Griffin ngama- $ 200 wezigidi.
Ngesikhathi esiphakeme senkazimulo yakhe, i-pollock yashiya ngendlela ye-drire, yabangela ukudideka kwakhe. Wasungula inqubo entsha yokudweba, ehlanganisa ukukhishwa kanye ne-surrealism. Izithombe ezibhalwe e-canvas engathathwanga, zikhiqize umbono ogqamile. Abahlonishwa nabaqoqi bebengabongi ukuthi ushintsho lwesitayela somculi, awukho umsebenzi othengiswe eqoqweni elimnyama.
Ngo-1952, iPollock ibuyele ekusebenziseni umbala. Wahlala egalari yezentengiselwano ye-Sydney Janis, lapho adala khona imisebenzi ye "Easter kanye neTotem" kanye "nolwandle lwasolwandle", ovuselele isidingo sama-connoisseurs wobuciko obungaqondakali. Eminye yemisebenzi edume kakhulu yePollock yaba isithombe esithi "izigxobo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ekuqaleni ibizwa ngokuthi "inombolo 11".
Ngo-1973, lokhu kwakuyindwangu engama-212.1 cm ngo-488,9 cm kutholwe igalari kazwelonke yase-Australia. Ukuthengwa kwavusa intukuthelo yomphakathi njengoba kubiza ngokungenangqondo (amadola ase-Australia ayizigidi eziyi-1,3), kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba umbukiso othandwa kakhulu wendawo yokubukisa.
Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, umculi wazama ngezinhlaka ze-wire, i-gauze ne-gypsum ngezindawo ezifundwayo nomdwebo oshiywe. Ngonyaka ukufa kwePollock akazange abhale isithombe esisodwa. Imisebenzi enhle yakamuva kaJackson yaba "yiphunga" kanye "nokusesha" i-canvas, yadalwa ngo-1955.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1942, kwenye yemibukiso, imidwebo yePolock yaba nesithakazelo kumdwebi-abstract noma ngabe uKrasner. Uvakashele umhlangano wezinhlungu, afisa ukujwayelana nemisebenzi noMdali wawo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, ngo-Okthoba 1945, uJackson noLee bashada futhi bahlala emithonjeni, emaphethelweni e-East Hampton. Bathenge indlu ngokhuni enesibambo, lapho iPollock yahlela khona umhlangano. UKrasner wasebenza egumbini lokulala esitezi sesibili sesakhiwo. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokushada, abasanda kushada bachitha isikhathi esiningi bendawonye, ngesikhathi sabo samahhala babeganwe ekulimaleni nasekuphekeni, bavame ukufanekisela amaqembu ozakwabo nabangane. Kwakungekho zingane ezivela kulo mbhangqwana.
Lapho ebhekene nonkosikazi wakhe, umculi waba nomngane wakhe othembekile nonothando lwempilo, owaphosa umsebenzi wakhe futhi waphonsa izindebe kanye nolaka lomyeni wakhe. Uma ubheka uJackson engcweti egqamile, noma ngabe wazama ukuhlela umsebenzi wakhe, wasebenza ngemibukiso, wahlangana nabaqoqi. Kwakunguye owajwayelana nePollock nge-Peggy Guggenheim, uMdali wemnyuziyamu odumile wobuciko besimanje, owaba umgqugquzeli wombukiso wokuqala we-American Experisist.
UKrasner wayigcina umyeni wakhe esonweni wanyamalala, owavela phakathi kwezikhathi zokudangala, wawudliwa, wabuka lokho kwaqonda futhi wachitha impilo yakhe kuzo zonke izindlela. Yonke imizamo yayiyize. Omunye wesifazane wabonakala eMidFalon - uRuth Klingman, noKrasner bashiye umyeni wakhe.
Ngemuva kwesehlukaniso ngo-1956, amaPili aphangiwe aqala kaningi. Ukulahleka kukankosikazi wakhe kwabangela ukuhlaselwa kolaka, umdwebi wababaza inkosikazi yakhe. Ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu emphakathi, uJackson wakhahlela izimpande endlini yakhe emithonjeni futhi wasala yedwa.
Ukushona
Umculi wakhathazeka kakhulu ngegebe nge-krasner kanye nokulahleka kukaKlingman. Wavaleka ngaphakathi kuye, waba nomunyu futhi waba mnyama. Ngo-Agasti 11, 1956, efuna ukusungula ubuhlobo, uRuthe weza kulo mculi ngesonto nomngani wakhe u-Edith wammema ephathini.
Njengoba bedakiwe, i-pollock yahlala ngemuva kwesondo lekhabetheloolet yakhe futhi ayizange ibhekane nokulawulwa. Oldsmobil wandiza endleleni wachitha. Kusinda uKlingman engozini kuphela, eyayikhipha ngaphandle kwemoto. Imbangela yokufa kukaJackson kwakuwukuvunguza esihlahleni esikhulayo esiseduze.
Lowo mqondo wangcwatshwa emithonjeni, emfuleni iGreen Green, emathuneni enamamaki nge-Boulder enkulu ngepuleti elikhumbulekayo.
U-Lee Krasner wanakekela ukuphathwa kwempahla yomculi, wasekela idumela lakhe.
Ngo-2000, kwadedelwa ifilimu lobuciko "IPollock" ezikrinini ze-cinema, ezinikezelwe kwi-biography ye-spencist. Izindima eziyinhloko esithombeni zenziwa ngu-Ed Harris noMasha Gay Hardden.
Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi iphrojekthi yefilimu ngempilo yomculi, ngokususelwa ezinhlelweni zomlomo zabangane, yenzelwe eHollywood. Izithombe zePollock ne-Krasner kufanele ziye zaba noRobert de Niro, owayenabazali bakaJackson, noBarbara streisand.
Imidwebo
- 1942 - "Owesilisa nowesifazane"
- Ngo-1943 - "MONY MOON" ("UMbuthano wokusika inyanga wowesifazane")
- 1943 - "Wolf"
- Ngo-1947 - "Ihlathi elinenhlosiwe"
- Ngo-1948 - "№ 5, 1948"
- 1948 - "Inombolo 8"
- Ngo-1950 - "Isigqi se-Autumn Rythm"
- 1953 - "I-Easter and Totem"
- 1953 - "Ulwandle Olwandle"
- 1953 - "Ukujula"