Ubuzima
Pollock ya Jackson numuhanzi wumunyamerika, uhagarariye kugenda muburyo budahwitse yibiganiro bya Xx, bizwi muburyo budasanzwe bwo gushushanya. Kuba umutware uzwi cyane ku gisekuru cye, umurangi wasize umurage ukize ubitswe mu byegeranyo byihariye kandi bitangwa mu nzego z'ingoro zingenzi z'ubuhanzi bwa none.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Paul Jackson Pololock ku ya 29 Mutarama 1912 mu mujyi wa Cody, Wyoming, mu muryango ukomeye wa PeresilBerienian Mei na Pollock Lelock. Se wumuhanzi uzaza yari umuhinzi numunyom, na nyina, bakomeza imigenzo yumuryango, yakoraga kuboha.
Mu rubyiruko rwa Jackson hamwe n'abavandimwe, babanza muri Arizona, hanyuma muri California. Mu myaka akiri muto, abahanga bashishikajwe n'umuco w'Abanyamerika b'Abanyamerika, bagendana na se mu gihugu.
Mu 1928, nyuma yo kugerageza kunanirwa gukora umwuga w'abakozi, uwo musore yinjiye mu ishuri rya Los Angeles y'ubuhanzi bukoreshwa, aho yahuriye no gukuramo no guhiga. Mu kigo cy'uburezi, Jackson yagumye igihe kirekire, ntiyakuweho kunywa inzoga n'imyitwarire idashimishije.
Mu 1930, nyuma ya murumuna mukuru mukuru wa murumuna wa Charles Polelock yimukiye i New York mu ntangiriro ya Thomas Hart Benton, wakoraga muri shampiyona y'abanyeshuri. Insanganyamatsiko z'icyaro cy'imirimo y'umwarimu ntiyitaye kuri Jackson, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kwimura ibara n'imbaga ry'imiterere yigenga ryamashusho yashyizeho ikimenyetso ku mirimo y'akazi kazoza.
Gushushanya
Ahumekewe n'umurimo wa Mexico Mista Mulista Davie Alfaro Sikeros, pollock yatangiye gukora mu mahugurwa yo mu nyanja i New York, aho yamaze gukora tekinike yo gukoresha amarangi, yabaye ikarita y'ubucuruzi ya Wizard. Kuva mu 1938 kugeza 1942, Jackson yagize uruhare mu mushinga w'ishami ry'ubuhanzi bwa federasiyo imirimo y'imirimo rusange ya Amerika, ugereranije, itambuka uburyo bwo kwivuza buva mu businzi.
Mu gihe cyo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, Joseph Henderson, abakurikira inzira yo gusesengura Karl Jung, bashishikarije ishyaka ry'umuhanzi, bashishikarije ishyaka ryo guhanga, bashishikarije inzira yo gushushanya igice cyo kuvura. Ingaruka z'ubwo buryo zagize ingaruka ku mirimo y'umuhanzi, nk '"impyisi" n' "impyisi" yanditswe mu 1942 na 1943.
Amashusho azwi cyane na Shebuja yaremye mugice cya "Igihe cya Dwep" hagati ya 1947 na 1950. Muri iki gihe, umuhanzi yatewe n'imirimo ya Thomas Hart Benton, Pablo Picasso na Joan Miro. Yatangiye gukoresha Alkyd Ingero, irangi ishingiye kuri Sintekotike aho kuvanga ubuhanzi gakondo. Jackson yakoresheje igikonoshwa, abanyamaguru n'ibitabo byo kuvomera.
Kwigana inzira yo gukora amashusho yumucanga wumuhinde, pollock nta canvas hasi kugirango ibashe kugenda mu bwisanzure. Tekinike yo gukora avstracraction ntabwo yifashe uburyo budasanzwe n'amabara, umuhanzi yari azi neza uko ibi cyangwa ko ahantu hagomba kugaragara. Kujugunya, gutonyanga, gusuka no gutera, Jackson yimukiye cyane kuri canvas, hafi kubyina, ariko ntiyahagarara kugeza abonye icyo ashaka kubona. Uku buryo bwiswe "Ibikorwa byo gushushanya" hamwe numucyo wumuhanga mu by'amateka yubuhanzi Harold Roselberg.
Mu 1950, umunyamakuru muto Hans Hans Mach yatanze ifoto ya porolock mugihe cyakazi. Urukurikirane rwamashusho rwacapishijwe ikinyamakuru "Aburty Amakuru". Gushaka abareba kubona imirimo nko gushushanya isuku, Jackson yanze amazina atangira kubarirwa mu bikorwa bye abifashijwemo n'imiti ibogamiye kugira ngo ashakishe umugambi w'ubuhanzi.
Urubuga "No 5.1948", babanze bamenyeshejwe kuri Parsons Parsons Bambere, byanditsweho amabara yumubiri, ibara ryijimye, yera, yera n'umuhondo kandi wumuhondo kandi bwuzuye kandi bwuzuye kandi bwuzuyemo inyoni. Mu 2006, yagurishijwe kubera umubare w'amadolari miliyoni 140 kandi ahinduka umwe mu mashusho ahenze cyane y'umunyamerika.
Muri 2015, inyandiko yikiguzi cyakazi yavunitse nakazi "Umubare 17a" yagurishijwe numushoramari na Philantropus Kenneth K. Griffin kuri miliyoni 200.
Ku mpinga y'icyubahiro cye, pollock yataye mu buryo butunguranye uburyo butonyanga, butera mu gihe kitimuka. Yahimbye tekinike nshya yo gushushanya, ihujwe no gukuramo no gukiza. Amashusho yanditswe muri canvas idafunguye, yatangaye igitekerezo. Abadamutsa n'abakusanya ntabwo bishimiye impinduka zuburyo bwumuhanzi, nta murimo wagurishijwe mukusanyamakuru.
Mu 1952, pollock yagarutse gukoresha ibara. Yatuye mu bucuruzi bwa Sydney Janis, aho yaremye imirimo ya "Pasika na Totem" n '"Inyanja y'inyanja", yabyutse icyifuzo cy'ubuhanzi budahwitse. Kimwe mu bikorwa bizwi cyane bya porokere byabaye ifoto "inkingi z'ubururu", ubanza kwitwa "Umubare 11".
Mu 1973, iyi yari igitambaro cya cm 212.1.9 cm cm 488.9 yabonye ububiko bwigihugu cya Ositaraliya. Uburaro bumaze gukangurira abaturage bunze buhenze (miliyoni 1.3 z'amadolari), ariko igihe cyabaye imurikagurisha ryimurikagurisha.
Mu mpera z'ubuzima bwe, umuhanzi yagerageje hamwe n'inzego z'insinga, Gauze na Gypsum hamwe n'ubuso bwanditse hamwe no gushushanya. Mu mwaka wurupfu rwa porolock ntabwo wanditse ishusho imwe. Ibikorwa bigezweho bya Jackson byabaye "impumuro" na "gushakisha", byaremwe mu 1955.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1942, kuri kimwe mu imurikagurisha, amashusho ya porololock yashimishijwe n'umuhanzi - adateroya niba Krasner. Yasuye amahugurwa ashushanya, yifuza kumenyana imirimo n'Umuremyi wabo.
Nyuma yimyaka 3, mu Kwakira 1945, Jackson na Lee barashyingiranywe, batura mu masoko, mu nkengero z'iburasirazuba Hampton. Baguze inzu yimbaho ifite ububiko, aho hateguwe amahugurwa. Krasner yakoraga mu cyumba cyo kuraramo ku igorofa ya 2 yimiterere. Mu myaka yambere yubukwe, abashyingiranywe bamaranye umwanya munini, mugihe cyabo cyubusa bakoraga mu busitani no guteka, akenshi bikwiranye nabakozi hamwe ninshuti. Nta bana bakomoka kuri bombi.
Imbere y'umugore we, umuhanzi yabonye mugenzi we wizerwa kandi wuje urukundo, wajugunye umwuga we kandi yihanganira ibishishwa n'umugabo we. Urebye Jackson muri shobuja mwiza, niba yagerageje gutegura umwuga we, yakoraga kubyerekeye imurikagurisha, yahuye na bompuor. Niwe wamenyereye Pollock hamwe na Peggy Gaggenheim, Umuremyi w'ingoro ndangamurage y'ubuhanzi bugezweho, bwabaye umuteguro w'imuteguro wa mbere w'umunyamerika.
Krasner yagumije umugabo we kugabura kunywa inzoga, yavutse mugihe cyo kwiheba, akabusubiza, yitegereza isura kandi yirukana ubuzima bwe muburyo bwose bushoboka. Imbaraga zose zabaye impfabusa. Undi mugore yagaragaye kuri Midfalon - Ruth Klingman, na Krasner basize umugabo we.
Nyuma yo gutandukana mu 1956, ababanjirije ibirori byarushijeho kuba kenshi. Kubura umugore we byateje ibitero byo kwibasirwa, umuhanzi yaguye kuri nyirabuja. Nyuma y'ibyumweru 3 bya societe, Jackson yirukanye umuzi mu nzu ye mu masoko asigara wenyine.
Urupfu
Umuhanzi yari ahangayikishijwe cyane no kunyuranye na Krasner no gutakaza Klingman. Yifunze muri we, acecetse n'umwijima. Ku ya 11 Kanama 1956, ushaka gushiraho umubano, Rusi yaje kubahanzi mucyumweru cyose ari inshuti ye Edith amutumira mubirori.
Kunywa, hasigaye ikibabi inyuma yiziga rya cabriolet ye kandi ntiyigeze ahangana no kugenzura. Oldsmobil yarenze kumuhanda arasenyuka. Klingman yarokotse mu mpanuka, yajugunye mu modoka. Impamvu y'urupfu rwa Jackson yakubiswe ku giti gikura hafi.
Umwanzuro washyinguwe mu masoko, mu masoko uruzi rw'icyatsi, mu mva yanditseho amabuye manini afite isahani itazibagirana.
Lee Krasner yita ku micungire y'umutungo w'umuhanzi, ashyigikira izina rye.
Mu 2000, filime yubuhanzi "Pollock" yasohotse kuri sinema ya ecran, yeguriwe ubuzima bwabigaragaza. Inshingano nyamukuru ziri ku ishusho zakozwe na Ed Harris na Marsha Gay Hardden.
Birashimishije kuba undi mushinga wa firime kubyerekeye ubuzima bwumuhanzi, ushingiye ku kwibuka ku munwa, byari bigenewe muri Hollywood. Amashusho ya Pollock na Krasner akwiye kugira robert de Niro, ababyeyi be bari inshuti hamwe na Jackson, na Barbara Stjerisand.
Gushushanya
- 1942 - "Umugabo n'abagore"
- 1943 - "Ukwezi" ("Ukwezi gukata uruziga")
- 1943 - "Impyisi"
- 1947 - "Ishyamba ryaryoze"
- 1948 - "№ 5, 1948"
- 1948 - "UMURYANGO 8"
- 1950 - "Injyana y'impeshyi"
- 1953 - "Pasika na Totem"
- 1953 - "Inyanja y'inyanja"
- 1953 - "Ubujyakuzimu"