Biography
UJackson Pollock ngumculi waseMelika, ummeli wentshukumo engacacanga ye-XX yenkulungwane, eyaziwa ngesitayile esikhethekileyo sokupeyinta i-drip. Ukuba yiNkosi eyaziwayo yesizukulwana sakhe, umzobo washiya ilifa etyebileyo eligcinwe kwiingqokelela zabucala kwaye laziswa kwinkcazo yamaziko olondolozo lwembali amabanga aqhelekileyo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UPaul Jackson Pollock wazalwa ngoJanuwari 29, 1912 kwidolophu yaseMelika, eWyoming, kwintsapho enkulu yasePresby ye-Stalla Mei noLeroy Polylock. Utata woMculi wexesha elizayo wayengumlimi kunye nomlimi, kunye nonina, ukuqhubeka nezithethe zosapho, wayezibandakanya ekulahleni.
Kwibusaneni kaJackson kunye nabazalwana, kuqala eArizona, emva koko baya eCalifornia. Kule minyaka incinci, ipollock yayinomdla kwinkcubeko yabantu baseMelika, behamba notata elizweni.
Ngo-1928, emva kwenzame engaphumelelanga ukwenza umsebenzi womsebenzi, lo mfana ungene kwiSikolo seLos Angeles yezoBugcisa, apho wadibana khona nobugqi. Kwiziko lemfundo, uJackson wayehlala ixesha elide, wayengafakwanga ngenxa yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala kunye nokuziphatha ongonelisiyo.
Ngo-1930, emva komphefumlo womdala uCharles Polelock wafudukela eNew York Bert Benton, osebenze kwiligi yabafundi abangama-ART. Imixholo yasemaphandleni yemisebenzi katitshala ayizange ikhathalele iJackson, kodwa indlela yokudlulisela umbala kunye nohlobo oluzimeleyo lwepeyinti kwimizobo ebekiwe uphawu lomthendeleko wexesha elizayo.
Ukupeyinta
Iphefumlelwe ngumsebenzi waseMexicoUralista uDavista uDavid Alfaro Sfaral, ipolllock yaqala ukusebenza kwi-New York, apho yayifumana khona indlela yepeyinti ye-wizard. Ukususela ngo-1938 ukuya ku-1942, uJackson wathatha inxaxheba kwidrafti yobugcisa iSebe leMisebenzi yoLuntu ye-United States, ngokuhambelana nonyango lobunxila.
Ngexesha lokuhlaziywa, ugqirha wengqondo uJosenderson, umlandeli wendlela yohlalutyo kaKarl Jung, wakhuthaza inzondelelo yokuyila yomculi, wenza inkqubo yokutsala inxenye yonyango. Impembelelo yale ndlela ichaphazele imisebenzi yomculi wexesha, enjenge "Moya" kunye "neNgcuka" ibhalwe ngo-1942 nowe-1943.
Ezona ntlungu zidumileyo yinkosi eyenziwe kwi "Drip Time" phakathi kuka-1947 nowe-1950. Ngeli xesha, umzobi waphenjelelwa yimisebenzi kaThomas Hart Benton, Pablo Picasso noJoan Miro. Waqala ukusebenzisa i-ilkyd i-enamels, iipilisi ezisekwe kwi-synthetic resins endaweni ye-ubugcisa besintu. UJackson wafaka isicelo iibrashi eziphathwayo, i-wands kunye nesirinji yokunkcenkceshela.
Ukuxelisa inkqubo yokwakha iipeyinti zesanti yase-India, ipoliselo ayinayo i-canvas kumgangatho ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. Indlela yokwenza i-artives ingakhange ithathe iifom ezingekho mthethweni kunye nemibala, umculi wayesazi ngokucacileyo ukuba ivela njani okanye loo ndawo yayiza kuvela ngayo okanye loo ndawo yayiza kuvela. Ukuphosa, ukuphambukisa, ukutshiza nokutshiza, uJackson wahamba ngamandla kwi-canvas, phantse njengomdaniso, kwaye akazange ayeke de wabona oko wayefuna ukubona ntoni. Indlela enjalo yabizwa ngokuba "yintshutshiso" ngesixhobo esikhanyayo soMbhali-mbali wase-Hirold Rosenberg.
Ngo-1950, intatheli ye-Hans Hans Macda yenza ifoto yepollock kwinkqubo yomsebenzi. Uthotho lwemifanekiso evakalayo lwaprintwe kwimagazini "ye-AR". Ukufuna umbukeli ukuze aqonde imisebenzi njengepeyinti ecocekileyo, uJackson wala amagama kwaye waqala ukubala umsebenzi wakhe ngoncedo lwamanani angangathathi cala, engacombuli umbukeli wenjongo yombhali.
I-WEB "No. 5.1948", yazisa kuqala kwii-Parsons Privation kuqala, yabhalwa ngepeyinti ye-grey, emdaka, emhlophe kunye ne-tyhel kwaye ibonwa njengendlwane yentaka. Ngo-2006, kwathengiswa ngexabiso lerekhodi lezigidi ezili-140 zeedola kwaye waba ngomnye wepeyinti yexabiso le-American Abline.
Ngo-2015, irekhodi lendleko lomsebenzi laphukile ngulo msebenzi "Inombolo 17A" Ithengiswa ngumtyali-mali kunye ne-hilatenthhropus kenneth k. Griffin yezigidi ezingama-200 ezigidi.
Kwincopho yobuqaqawuli bakhe, ipollock ilahle ngokukhawuleza indlela ye-drip, ebangela ukuba angafumaneki. Wayila ubuchule boMzobo omtsha, ohlanganisiweyo kunye nokutya. Imifanekiso ebhalwe kwi-canvas engachazwanga, ivelise imbonakalo ye-bymayo. Abathandekayo nabaqokeleli babengabuxabisi utshintsho lwe-artist, akukho msebenzi wathengiswayo kwingqokelela emnyama.
Ngo-1952, ipollllock yabuyiselwa kusetyenziswa umbala. Wahlala kwigalari yentengiso yaseSydney Janis, apho wadalwa khona imisebenzi ye "Ista kwaye" kunye "nolwandle lwaselwandle", ovuselele imfuno yobugcisa obungaqhelekanga. Enye yezona zinto zidumileyo zepolllock yaba ngumfanekiso "wezihlobo eziluhlaza", kwaoko wabizwa ngokuba "nenombolo 11".
Ngo-1973, le yayiyindwangu ye-212.1 cm malunga ne-488.9 cm ifunyenwe igalari yesizwe yase-Australia. Ukuthengwa kwentengo kwavuswa ngurhulumente njengokungabonakaliyo (i-1.3 yezigidi zeedola zaseOstreliya), kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha yaba lolona bonakalise ludumileyo lwendawo yomboniso.
Ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, umzobi walisebenzisa ngezakhiwo ze-wire, i-Gauze kunye neGypsum enendawo ebhaliweyo kunye nomzobo oshiyiweyo. Kunyaka wokufa kwepoli khange babhale umfanekiso omnye. Umzekeliso wemifanekiso kaJackson wamvana waba "yiphunga" kunye "nokukhangela", wadalwa ngo-1955.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1942, komnye umboniso, iipeyinti zepolllock zaba nomdla kumzobi we-Krasner. Utyelele umasifundisane we-painter, onqwenela ukwazisa imisebenzi noMdali wabo.
Emva kweminyaka emi-3, ngo-Oktobha 1945, uJackson noLee batshata kwaye bahlala kwimithombo, ngaphandle kweMpuma Hampton. Bathenga indlu yehuni ene-barn, apho i-pollock icwangciswe iworkshop. I-krasterner isebenze egumbini lokulala kumgangatho wesibini wesakhiwo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yomtshato, abantu abasandul 'ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye, ngexesha labo elikhululekileyo babenenxaxheba egadini nasekuphekeni, bahlala befumana amaqela osebenza nabo kunye nabahlobo. Kwakungekho abantwana abavela kwisibini.
Xa wayejamelene nomfazi wakhe, umculi wafumana iqabane elithembekileyo nelinothando lobomi, owaphosa umsebenzi wakhe kunye nokutsala irips kunye nolwaluko lomyeni wakhe. Cinga ngoJackson kwinkosi eqaqambileyo, nokuba uzamile ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe, wasebenza ngemiboniso, edibana nabaqokeleli. Nguye owaqhelana ne-Poggy Guggenheim, uMdali weMyuziyam edumileyo yoBugcisa bexesha elidlulileyo, owaba ngumququzeleli womboniso wobukumkani wokuqala.
UKrasner wagcina umyeni wakhe kwi verge yotywala, owavelayo ngexesha loxinzelelo, wayondla, wabukela imbonakalo kwaye wabususa ubomi bakhe bonke. Yonke imizamo yayililize. Omnye umfazi wabonakala kwi-Midfalon - uRute Tillingman, noKrasorner bawushiya umyeni wakhe.
Emva koqhawulo-mtshato ngo-1956, iiplagi zepollock zaya rhoqo. Ukuphulukana nenkosikazi yakhe kwabangela ukuhlaselwa ngobundlongondlongo, ethi umculi wachitha kwinkosikazi yakhe. Emva kweeveki ezintathu zoluntu, uJackson wakhaba ingcambu yendlu yakhe emithonjeni kwaye wasala yedwa.
Ukufa
Umculi unexhala kakhulu ngomsantsa kunye ne-krasner kunye nokuphulukana noKillingman. Wazivalela ngokwakhe, waba nobuqili nobuqili. Nge-11 ka-Agasti ka-1956, efuna ukumisela ubudlelwane, uRute weza kumculi wesiphelo seveki kunye nomhlobo wakhe uEdith wamema kwiqela.
Ukunxila, ipoliselo ihleli ngasemva kwesondo le-cabriolet yakhe kwaye ayizange ikwazi ukujamelana nolawulo. I-Walssesmobil yangena endleleni kwaye ibhukuqa. Ngu-kytyman kuphela owasindayo kwingozi, ephosa ngaphandle emotweni. Unobangela wokusweleka kukaJackson wayesisibetha kumthi okhulayo kufutshane.
Imbonakalo yangcwatyelwa kwimithombo, engcwabeni eluhlaza eluhlaza, engcwabeni eliphawulwe nge-boulder enkulu ngeplate engalibalekiyo.
U-Lee Krasner wakhathalela ukuphatha ipropathi yomculi, exhasa igama lakhe.
Ngo-2000, ifilimu yobugcisa "ipoliselo" yakhutshwa kwizikrini ze-cinema, ezinikezelwe kwi-biography ye-Pelography. Iindima eziphambili emfanekisweni zenziwa ngu-Ed Harris kunye neMarsha Gay Hardden.
Inomdla yokuba enye iprojekthi yefilimu ngobomi bomculi, ngokusekwe kwiinkumbulo zomlomo zabahlobo, yayinzelwe eHollywood. Imifanekiso yePolllock kunye ne-krasner kufuneka i-robert de niro, nabazali babahlobo bakaJackson, noBarbara baxoxa.
Ukupeyinta
- Ngo-1942 - "abangamadoda nabafazi"
- Ngo-1943 - "I-Monwoman" ("Inyanga yeNyanga yomfazi")
- Ngo-1943 - "I-Wolf"
- Ngo-1947 - "Ihlathi Emfumanayo"
- Ngo-1948 - "№ 5, 1948"
- Ngo-1948 - "Inombolo 8"
- Ngo-1950- "isingqisho sendlandla"
- Ngo-1953 - "I-Ista kunye neTotem"
- Ngo-1953 - "Ulwandle Lwalwandle"
- Ngo-1953 - "Ubunzulu"