ICicero - I-Biography, isithombe, impilo yomuntu siqu, ubuhlakani kanye nezingcaphuno

I-Biograge

Isibalo sezepolitiki, isazi sefilosofi kanye no-orator uMarku uCicero uCicero wayehlala eRoma lasendulo. AmaRoma awenzanga emndenini omuhle, kodwa wakwazi ukuzuza ukuphakama okungakaze kubonwe emsebenzini wezepolitiki. UMark tullya kuze kube yilapho okwedlule kuhlale umxhasi ohlelweni lweRiphabhulikhi, wakhokhela khona impilo yakhe. Kuze kube yisikhathi sethu, imibhalo ethile, izisebenzi zefilosofi kanye nezithobeli zafinyelela kumholi. Izikhathi zesikhathi sikaCicero zazikholelwa ukuthi isazi sefilosofi siyindlela yokulandisa.

UMark Mark uthonya wathonya ukwakheka kwamasiko asendulo amaRoma. Ukuphathwa, izinkulumo ze-CICERO AKUPHAKATHI Izazi-mlando zezikhathi ezihlukile. Abaphenyi benza iziphetho ezibalulekile ezisuselwa kwimisebenzi yefilosofi.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ukuzalwa kukaMark Tally Cicero kuhlelwe ngoJanuwari 3, 106 BC. Isazi sefilosofi esizayo asikaze sikhumbule usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe, njengoba ebheka iholide elingalungile. Ngokusho kwePlutarch, ukuzalwa sekudlulile kalula, emva kwalokho umfana adluliselwe egcekeni, elaliyingozi ukuthi uCicero uzoba "amaRoma."

UMarku wazalelwa efeni likagogo wakhe, eliseduze nomfula i-fibren, eduze kwe-arpine. Kamuva, le nsizwa yathuthela edolobheni lapho ayithola khona imfundo yamabanga aphansi. Abagxeki baleso sikhathi babheka ukuthi iCicero ayifanele futhi ihlala ishiwo "ukuzalwa okuqhubekayo."

Izihlobo uMark wangena ngokobu umbuthano wabantu abahlonishwayo. Isibonelo, umyeni ka-Aunt Guy Akulun wayekhulume kakhulu ngesipika noLuzius Lithium nge-crass. Umalume ophefumlelwe nguCicero, ukubala umuntu wengqondo obucayi. U-Akululeon uvezwe emthethweni womphakathi.

Ebuntweni, uCicero, kanye nomzala, weza eRoma ukuxhumana ne-crass. Ukuhlala kukababa uMarku kwakunguTully wayesedolobheni. Indlu yayisezinhlatshelweni zikaKarina. Abasolwaphila befilosofi bathi iCicero yafundela kalula futhi ayinakunakwa. Le ntombazane yafunda ulimi lwesiGreki, isayensi ihlanganise othisha abavela eGrisi.

Izincwadi Nefilosofi

Ubuciko be-Oratoric - I-Avenue yeCicero, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi isikhulumi sasivame ukubhala ama-Essay ngezihloko ezihlobene. Isazi sefilosofi salandisa izindaba zethiyori nezisebenzayo zokwethulwa emphakathini. Umlando wezethulo zeCicero ngesihloko esithi "Enkulumweni", "Somlomo", "ngendlela yokwakha", "Brute", "ekutholeni impahla".

Imfundo eqanjiwe kuleyo minyaka ayenelisekile ngoMark Tully, ngakho-ke isikhulumi sazama ukufinyelela ezingqondweni zobusha. UCicero wasungula ibha ephezulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukufeza, kepha ngenxa yalokhu, izikhulumi ze-novice zasondela kule mibono.

UCicero wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhulumi siyadingeka ibanga elibanzi: Kuyadingeka ukuzulazula kwi-Rhetoric, ifilosofi, umlando kanye nomthetho woMphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuthi uSomlomo afundiswe futhi aqotho, abe nomuzwa wobuhlakani. Abantu abasha isazi sefilosofi banikeza izeluleko eziningi. Isibonelo, ekukhulumeni, ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezingama-rhetorical kuvunyelwe, kepha izitatimende akufanele zilayishe ngokweqile. Ukulandelana kungenye yezisekelo ze-oritory.

I-Neologicals ingasetshenziswa ekukhulumeni, kepha ngasikhathi sinye amagama amasha kufanele aqondwe abalaleli. Gwema izindlela ezinhle ezizwakalayo akufanele zigwenywe, kepha izingathekiso zidinga ukulanda okungokwemvelo nokuphila. Izisebenzi zingazijwayeza ngezihloko zefilosofi. UCicero welulekwa ukuthi ahlanganyele ekuqondeni nasekucacisweni kokuphinyiselwa. Izinkulumo zamaRoma asebekhulile zazithanda uSomlomo.

Izinkulumo zezepolitiki nakwahlulela kumele zibe nesakhiwo esithile ngaphandle kwezinkulumo zansuku zonke. UPaphos namahlaya ngeke basize ekuboneni kokwethulwa kwemicabango, kodwa kwezinye izimo lapho kuzoba nokuziphilisa. Isikhulumi kumele sizizwe sizwa lobuso. Ngokusho kukaMark Tally, imizwelo kungcono ukushiya engxenyeni yokugcina yenkulumo. Ngakho-ke ungafinyelela umphumela ophezulu.

Ngesikhathi sezinkulumo, uCicero wakubona ukuthandwa yizincwadi njengomlobi, ngenxa yabafundi. Imvamisa, abadali bemisebenzi yezemibhalo batshela abakhileyo kwizithombe ze-biographies nezinkondlo mayelana nobungqabavu kanye nobuqhawe bababusi abadumile, abantu abakhulu. Isikhulumi sayala zonke izakhamizi ngesipho sezinkondlo noma sokubhala, sithuthukisa ngentshiseko ithalente, njengoba imvelo ayikwazi ukunikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu sobunikazi begama.

Uma kukhulunywa ngezinkondlo, uCicero waba ngumsebenzi. Isikhulumi sithande izinhlobo zendabuko zezinkondlo, futhi izimbongi zanamuhla zagxekwa. Isazi sefilosofi sasikholelwa ukuthi izinkondlo zanamuhla zaziyinhloso, hhayi ithuluzi lokukhazimulisa izwe, ukukhuliswa kwamalungelo ezwe. Izinkondlo ezinhle nezinhlekelele zazinjengoMark Tullia.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uCicero wabheka indaba hhayi eyesayensi, kodwa njengohlobo lwe-ormatory. Isazi sefilosofi sazama ukuhlanganisa ama-parontriots ekwethulweni kwemicimbi emlandweni eyenzekile muva nje. Ngokusho kukaMark Tully, ukuhlaziywa kwezikhathi zasendulo akudingeki. Ukudluliswa kwezigameko okwenzekile akunandaba nama-oda, njengoba kujabulisa ngokwengeziwe ukufunda lokho okwashukumisela ukuba izibalo zenze izenzo ezithile.

Imibono Yezombusazwe

ICicero kwezepolitiki yavela e-theorist kanye nokwenza. Ochwepheshe bathi uMarku wafaka isandla emcabangweni wombuso nasemthethweni. Abanye bamaka kabili ekwahlulelweni ephepheni nasemazwini asuka eCicero. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, usosayensi waseSoviet S. L. Utchenko uveze umbono ohlukile - ekwelashweni, isazi sefilosofi sihlongoza ukujwayelana nemibono ngombono wezepolitiki osetshenziswa emisebenzini yomphakathi. UMark wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi izibalo zikahulumeni kufanele zifunde ifilosofi yefilosofi.

Ukusebenza komphakathi sekuyijwayele kuCicero eminyakeni engama-25. Isikhulumi sokuqala sokukhuluma sathi ukuhlonipha umashiqela weSulla. Naphezu kwayo yonke ingozi yezahlulelo, abaphathi baseRoma abakwazanga ukushushiswa kukaMarku tully. Ngokushesha isazi sefilosofi siqhubekela e-Athene ukuze ahlole isayensi ayithandayo. Kungemva kokushona komashiqela, uCicero wabuyela ezweni lakubo. Isazi sefilosofi siyamenywa njengomvikeli ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho.

Izahlulelo zezepolitiki zeCicetro ziyimicabango yamaGrikhi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, uMark Tullia wayeseduze nombuso waseRoma, isazi sefilosofi sazama ukugxila kudivayisi kanye nokucaciswa. Ukuba khona kweRepublic yaseRoma kanye nomehluko wayo ovela kwinqubomgomo yamaGrikhi kwakuyisihloko esikhulu socwaningo nokubonisana ngesipika. Encwadini ethi "Ezweni", uCicero wathi uMbuso ungowabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, kumele kube khona imvume phakathi kwabantu abanentshisekelo nasezindabeni zomthetho.

Ngokusho kwefilosofi, iRepublic yaseRoma idinga umholi. UMbusi uzobe esephathiswe ukuxazulula izinkinga nokuphikisana kwabantu. UCicero akazange athande uhlelo lwamandla elethulwe ngu-Octavian Augustus. Wakholelwa kuye kumaRiphabhulikhi anemibono yakhe ephikisana nemigomo. I-thesis mayelana nomholi ongekho emsebenzini isabangela izingxabano ezishisayo emvelweni yezazi-mlando nabaphenyi. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile, ukuthi uCicero weza ngasiphi isixazululo ngalolu daba, kusukela ngaphambi kokuba incwadi yamanje yefilosofi yefilosofi yafinyelela kwinhlangeni.

Isibalo sezepolitiki isikhathi eside sasifuna imithetho efanelekile engasiza ekugcineni umbuso. UCicero wayekholelwa ukuthi izwe lalikhula ngezindlela ezimbili - liyafa noma lichuma. Owokugcina futhi udinga uhlaka oluhle lwezomthetho. Ngasikhathi sinye, uMark wathunyelwa ngokungabanjelwa kuye.

Ukusuka ngaphansi kwepeni laseCicero, lelo kholwa "emithethweni liphuma. Encwadini, isazi sefilosofi sembula ngokuphelele umbono womthetho wemvelo. Umthetho uyefana kubo bobabili abantu, nangonkulunkulu. Lesi sikhulumi sizame ukusho ukuthi isenzo sihlangana nomqondo ophakeme kakhulu, obekelwe imvelo, kuyilapho imithetho yabantu idalwa ngokuxhumana ihlukile kwindalo yemvelo.

UCicero wayekholelwa ukuthi ilungelo isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi, okuthi ngisho nezikhulumi zokwahlulela abakwazanga ukuqonda. Ukwenza ngcono lesi simo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zefilosofi nemibono eSifundweni nasekuhlukanisweni kwezimiso zomthetho wombuso. Lapho-ke imithetho izoba ubuciko.

Ngokusho kukaCicero, abukho ubulungiswa emhlabeni. Isibalo sezepolitiki sasikholelwa ukuthi isikhathi nezenzo nezenzo zizohlengwa ngokuqokwa okufayo. UMarku uTully akazange ancome ngokunemba ukulandela umthetho, ngoba kuholela ekungabi nabulungisa okukhanyayo. Kukhuthaze uSomlomo kube nesidingo sobudlelwano obulungile nezigqila, ezingehlukile emsebenzini oqashiwe.

UCicero wakhombisa izimo zengqondo ekubhekeni amazinga ezepolitiki ngamagama nangokuzijwayeza. Ngemuva kokufa kukaKhesari, uMarku ukhipha inkhulumomphendvulwano "ebunganini" kanye necala "emisebenzini", lapho kwenziwa khona imicabango ", lapho kwenzeka khona imicabango yesakhiwo saseRiphabhulikhi eRoma. Lokhu kuyasebenza ukuhlukaniswa kwezingcaphuno ngemuva kokufa kukaCicero, njengoba impilo ilele kubo.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Impilo yomuntu siqu kaCicero yayingelula. Isazi sefilosofi sathatha kabili. KuMarku wakudala wadlula enyaweni nomlingani wokuqala - ukufunwa. Intombazane yaqhamuka enohlobo oluhlonishwayo. I-Terentation yabeletha uCicero izingane ezimbili. Intombazane ethe xaxa yafa esemncane. Kamuva kwavela indodana kaMarku. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30, umshado wawa.

Emnyakeni oneminyaka engama-60 ubudala, uCicero washada futhi. UPuilisi ongumlingani wawumncane kunomyeni wakhe, kepha akuzange akuvimbe. Intombazane enomhawu ayizange ivumelane nobudlelwano befilosofi nendodakazi yakhe, ngakho-ke ngokushesha uCicero ushiya umndeni.

Kwakunamahlebezi okuthi udadewabo kaClaudia wafuna ukushada nopopolitiki. Orator - ingane ephezulu emndenini. Mfowethu - quint.

Ukushona

Ngemuva kokushona kukaKhesari ukuhlaselwa njalo ku-Anthony, uCicero ubekwe ohlwini lokubhala. Ngakho-ke, isazi sefilosofi siba yisitha soMbuso. Impahla ethathwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubulala noma ukukhipha uHulumeni kaCicero wamemezela umvuzo.

Isikhulumi ngokwenzekile sakwazi ukufunda ngesikhathi sokuxhumana ne-quint. Okokuqala, uCicero, kanye nomfowabo, waya ku-ATTUCEE, wabe esefuna ukuhlala eMakedoniya. Abafowethu babengenaso isikhathi sokugcina izinto zohambo olunjalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-quint anquma ukuhlala futhi aqoqe amasudi, futhi uCicero kwadingeka aqhubeke.

Lungisa i-Quint Yezombusazwe ayizange iphawule, njengoba ebulewe. UCicero waphuthuma ukucasha emkhunjini. Kamuva, uMarku waya emhlabathini waqala ukushesha, efuna insindiso. Ngenxa yalokho, ibuyela ekwakhekeni, eVilla yakho. Kungazelelwe, kwavela ama-crows emafasiteleni agibela ingubo nobuso befilosofi. Izigqila zazama ukusiza owesilisa futhi kubikwe ekwethekeni kolwandle.

Ababulali bafika - Centurion Gernia kanye neMpi Yezempi Tribune Polile. Umsebenzi utshele ukuthi uCicero wahlupheka kuphi. Ukubona lokhu, o-Orator wayala izigqila ukuba zime. UMark wabuka ababulali esesimweni esithandwa kakhulu, wabe esevunyelwa ukuzibulala. Isazi sefilosofi sagwazwa, sanquma ikhanda nezandla zakhe ngezinkulumo zokubhala ngokumelene no-Anthony.

I-Bibliography

• "Mayelana nokuthola"
• "Opika"
• "Ukwakhiwa Kwenkulumo"
• "Ohlobo Loluhlobo Lwezikhulumi"
• "Mayelana Nombuso"
• "Brut"
• "Somlomo"
• "Isihloko"
• "Mayelana nobungani"
• "Emisebenzini"

Amacaphuna

• Kufanele sibe yizigqila zemithetho ukuze zikhululeke.
• Ngezikhathi, oh mova!
• Ubuso - isibuko somphefumulo.
• Akekho amanzi, akukho mlilo esisebenzisa kaningi njengobungani.
• Ngemuva kwakho konke, kudingekile hhayi nje ukwenza kahle ukuhlakanipha, kepha futhi futhi ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa.