Ubuzima
Filime, filoyo, umuhanga na Orator Mark bikabije Cicero yabayeho muri Roma ya kera. Umuroma ntiyabayeho mu muryango w'agaciro, ariko yashoboye kugera ku burebure butigeze bubaho mu mwuga wa politiki. Mark Tullya kugeza aba nyuma bagumye bashyigikiye sisitemu ya republika, kuberako yishyuye ubuzima bwe. Kugeza igihe, bamwe mu bavaranira ubuvanganzo, abafiloworariya n'abakarira bageze kuri umuyobozi. Mu gihe cya Cicero bizeraga ko filozofiya ari uburyo bwo kuvuga.
Guhanga ibimenyetso byerekana cyane gushiraho umuco wa kera w'Abaroma. Ivugurura, disikuru ya Cicero yashimangiye abahanga mu bihe bitandukanye. Abashakashatsi bakora imyanzuro ikomeye ishingiye ku mirimo ya filozofiya.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ivuka rya Mark Ticero ryihariye ryateganijwe ku ya 3 Mutarama 106 mbere ya Yesu. Ni gake cyane filozofesi gake yibutse isabukuru ye y'amavuko, nk'uko yatekerezaga ku biruhuko bibi. Nk'uko byatangajwe na Plutacks, kuvuka byarashize byoroshye, nyuma umuhungu yimuriwe mu mugati, wangiza ko Cicero yari "yunamye kubaroma."
Shyira ahagaragara umwanya wavukiye mu mutungo wa sekuru, uherereye ku ruzi rwa Fibren, hafi ya Aripine. Nyuma, umusore yimukiye mu mujyi yakiriye amashuri abanza. Abanegura icyo gihe babonaga Cicero bidakwiriye kandi bahora bavuze "kuvuka."
Abavandimwe ba Mantsa bene bamwinjiye mu buryo bushingiye ku ruziga rw'abantu bubahwa. Kurugero, umugabo wa Nyirasenge Umusore Akurulon yavuganwe cyane numuvugizi na Luzius Lithium na crass. Cicero yahumemetse nyirarume, kubara umuntu ufite ibitekerezo byoroshye. Akuduleon yahawe amategeko mu mategeko ya Leta.
Mu bwana, Cicero, hamwe na mubyara we, yaje i Roma kuvugana n'umurinzi. Inzu ya se ya Maph yarangaga cyane muri uwo mujyi. Inzu yari iherereye muri kimwe cya kabiri cya Karina. Abayo mugihe wa filozofiya bavuga ko Cicero yize byoroshye kandi bidahaze. Umwangavu yamenye ururimi rwikigereki, rwahujwe nubumenyi byahujwe nabarimu kuva mubugereki.
Ubuvanganzo na Filozofiya
Ubuhanzi bwa Oratoric - Avenue kuri Cicero, ntabwo bitangaje kuba uwatanze disikuru yandikaga inyandiko kubijyanye ningingo zijyanye. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yavuze ku bibazo bifatika kandi bifatika byo kwerekana muri rubanda. Amateka yo kuvugurura Cicero ku ngingo "Kuvuga", "Oramite", "mu mvugo yubaka", "brute", "ibigiraho ubugome".
Uburezi bwamagambo muri iyo myaka ntabwo bwari bunyuzwe na Mark bikabije, nuko uwatanze ikiganiro yagerageje kugera mubitekerezo bito byo guhanga. Cicero yashinze akabari gakomeye ko bidashoboka kubigeraho, ariko mbikesheje ibi, abavuga kuri Novice begereye ibyo bitekerezo.
Cicero yizeraga ko uwatanze disikuru akeneye intera nini: birakenewe kugenda muri rotoric, filozofiya, amateka n'amategeko mbonezamubano. Ni ngombwa ko abavuga kugira ngo bige kandi babikuye ku mutima, bafite ubwitonzi. Urubyiruko rwa filozofiya rwatanze inama nyinshi. Kurugero, mumvugo, gukoresha imibare yamagambo byemewe, ariko ibyatangajwe ntibigomba kubarengagiza. Urukurikirane ni rumwe mu rufatiro rwa Oratory.
Ibisanzwe birashobora gukoreshwa mumvugo, ariko icyarimwe amagambo mashya agomba kumvikana nabateze amatwi. Irinde uburyo bwo kwerekana neza ntibigomba kwirindwa, ariko imvugo ngereranyo igomba gutora Kamere kandi ari muzima. Abimenyereza barashobora kwitoza hamwe ningingo za filozofiya. Cicero yagiriye inama yo kwishora mukuri kandi asobanutse ko kuvuga. Disikuru z'Abaroma b'Abasaza zakundaga Perezida.
Imvugo ya politiki n'ubucamanza igomba kugira inyubako runaka usibye disikuru ya buri munsi. Paphos na urwenya ntibizafasha mu kumva kwerekana ibitekerezo, ariko mubihe bimwe na bimwe hazabaho nzima. Umuvugizi agomba kumva neza aya maso. Dukurikije Mariko abikesha, amarangamutima nibyiza kureka igice cyanyuma cyijambo. Urashobora rero kugera ku ngaruka nyinshi.
Mu magambo, Cicero yabonye neza ubuvanganzo nkumwanditsi, kubasomyi. Akenshi, abarema ibikorwa byubuvanganzo bwibwira abaturage ba biografiya nibisigo bijyanye n'intwari n'intwari abategetsi bazwi, abantu bakomeye. Uwatanze ikiganiro yagiriye inama abaturage bose bafite impano y'ibisigo cyangwa kwandika, bashishikaye guteza imbere impano, kuko ibidukikije ntibishoboye gutanga urwego ntarengwa rwo gutunga ijambo.
Ku bijyanye n'imivugo, Cicero yabaye impande. Umuvugizi yakunze verisiyo gakondo y'ibisigo, kandi abasizi ba none baranenzwe. Umufilozofe yeguye ko ibisigo bigezweho ari intego, ntabwo ari igikoresho cyo guhimbaza uwumurwa mu kimuna, uburere bw'abakunda igihugu. Epic ibisigo hamwe namakuba byari nka Mark Tullia.
Igishimishije, Cicero yafatwaga inkuru yo kutagomba siyanse, ariko nkubwoko bwa oratory. Filozofiya yagerageje guhuza abasore uko bagaragaza amateka yabayeho vuba aha. Dukurikije Mark Bitully, isesengura ryibihe bya kera ntirikenewe. Ihererekanyabya ibyabaye ntabwo ushishikajwe n'amabwiriza, nkuko ushimishije gusoma ibibajije ibisabwa kugirango ukore ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe.
Imbogamizi za politiki
Cicero muri politiki yagaragaye muri Tewori kandi imyitozo. Abahanga bavuga ko batangaye umutwe bagize uruhare mu nyigisho z'igihugu n'amategeko. Ubwitonzi bumwe bwagaragaye mu manza ku mpapuro kandi mumagambo yo muri Cicero. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, S. L. Utchenko S. Utchenko yagaragaje ikindi gitekerezo - muri disikuru, filozofiya arasaba kumenya ibitekerezo ku nyigisho za politiki ikoreshwa mu bikorwa rusange. Mariko abikuye ku mutima abizera ko imibare ya leta igomba byanze bikunze kwiga filozofiya.
Ibikorwa rusange byamenyereye Cicero mumyaka 25. Imvugo ya mbere ivuga mu rwego rwo kuba umunyagitugu wa Sulla. Nubwo hari akaga ko gucirwa urubanza, abategetsi b'Abaroma ntibigeze batotezwa na Mariko. Bidatinze, umuhanga mu bya filozofi yimuka muri Atenayi kugira ngo ashakishe siyanse nkunda. Gusa nyuma y'urupfu rw'umunyagitugu, Cicero yasubiye mu gihugu cye. Philosopher iratumirwa nkumwunganira mu manza.
Imanza za politiki za Cicero ni ibitekerezo by'Abagereki. Ariko icyarimwe, Mariko ya Malati yaregereje leta y'Abaroma, yagerageje kwibanda ku gikoresho n'ibisobanuro. Kubaho kwa Repubulika y'Abaroma n'itandukaniro ryayo muri politiki y'Abagereki niyo ngingo nyamukuru yo kwiga no gutekereza. Mu gitabo "kuri Leta", Cice yavuze ko Leta ari iy'abaturage. Muri icyo gihe, hagomba kubaho kwemererwa mubantu bafite inyungu kandi mubibazo byamategeko.
Nk'uko bya filozofiya, Repubulika y'Abaroma isaba umuyobozi. Umutegetsi azashinzwe gukemura ibibazo no kwivuguruza abaturage. Cicero ntabwo yakunze gahunda yubutegetsi yatangijwe na octaviya Augustus. Yizeraga kuri republika ibitekerezo byabo binyuranye n'amahame. Ikiranga kivuga ku muyobozi udahari uracyatera amakimbirane ashyushye mu bihe by'amateka n'abashakashatsi. Ntabwo bizwi neza, igisubizo kigenewe Cicero cyaje kuri iki kibazo, kubera ko mbere yuko iyi nyandiko ya filozofiya igera ku gice.
Umubare wa politiki igihe kirekire washakaga amategeko meza yafasha kubungabunga leta. Cicero yizeraga ko igihugu cyatezimbere muburyo bubiri - gupfa cyangwa gutera imbere. Kubanyuma kandi ukeneye urwego rwiza rwamategeko. Muri icyo gihe, Mark yashidikanyaga cyane ku byateganijwe.
Kuva munsi yikaramu ya Cicero, igitabo "ku mategeko" kirasohoka. Mu gitabo, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya ahishura neza inyigisho y'amategeko karemano. Amategeko ni ameze kubantu bombi, no ku mana. Uyu watanze disikuru yagerageje kuvuga ko ibikorwa byujuje ibitekerezo bisumba ayandi, bishyizwe muri kamere, mugihe amategeko yabantu yakozwe nitumanaho atandukanye ningingo isanzwe.
Cicero yizeraga ko uburenganzira ari siyanse igoye, ndetse n'abavuga ubutabera ntibushobora kubyumva. Kunoza uko ibintu bimeze, birakenewe gukoresha uburyo nubushakashatsi mubyigisho no gushyira mu byiciro amahame agengako ya leta. Noneho amategeko azahinduka ubuhanzi.
Nk'uko Cicero abitangaza, nta butabera ku isi. Igishushanyo cya politiki cyizeraga ko igihe n'ibikorwa n'ibikorwa bizacungurwa kuri gahunda ifatika. Mariko abikesheje umutwe ntabwo yasabye ko habaho ukuri gukurikiza amategeko, kuko biganisha ku karengane keje. Byashishikarije kuvuga abavuga ibisabwa umubano mwiza n'abacakara, ntaho atandukaniye n'umurimo wahawe akazi.
Cicero yerekanye imyifatire ku nzego za politiki mu magambo no mu bikorwa. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Kayisari, Mariko atanga ibibazo bikabije ibiganiro "ku bucuti" na kavukire "ku mirimo", aho bigabanyijemo ibitekerezo bikaba nyuma yo kugwa kw'inyubako y'idini i Roma. Ibi bikorwa biteganijwe na amagambo nyuma y'urupfu rwa Cicero, nkuko ubuzima abiri muri bo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwihariye bwa Cicero ntibyari byoroshye. Filozofiya yashakanye kabiri. Kubusabuke Mark cyane hamwe nuwo mwashakanye wa mbere - umwanya. Umukobwa yaturutse kubwoko bwubahwa. Kwibasira Cicero abana babiri. Umukobwa umwe wapfuye akiri muto. Nyuma, umuhungu wa Mariko aragaragara. Nyuma yimyaka 30, ubukwe bwarasenyutse.
Mu myaka 60, Cicero yongeye gushyingirwa. Uwo mwashakanye abamamaye ni muto kuruta umugabo we, ariko ntiyibujije. Umukobwa ufite ishyari ntabwo yahujije umubano wa filozofiya numukobwa we, bidatinze Cicero ava mumuryango.
Hariho ibihuha mushiki wa Claudia yashakaga kurongora umunyapolitiki. Orator - Umwana mukuru mumuryango. Umuvandimwe - Tanga.
Urupfu
Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Kayisari ku gitero gihera kuri Anthony, Cicero ashyirwa kurutonde rwa transcription. Rero, filozofiya ihinduka umwanzi wa leta. Umutungo wambuwe. Byongeye kandi, kubera kwica cyangwa guhabwa Guverinoma ya Cicero byatangaje ko ibihembo.
Uwatanze disikuru yerekeye ibyabaye yashoboye kwiga mugihe cyo gushyikirana nigitange. Ubwa mbere, Cicero, hamwe na murumuna we, yagiye muri Atangasuasuire, hanyuma ashaka kuguma muri Makedoniya. Abavandimwe ntibabonye umwanya wo kubika ibintu murugendo nkurwo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, bakemu bahisemo kuguma no gukusanya amavalisi, kandi Cicero yagombaga kujya kure.
Kosora igitekerezo cya politiki ntabwo cyacunze, nkuko yarishwe. Cicero yihutiye kwihisha mu bwato. Nyuma, Mariko yaguye hasi atangira kwihutira, ashakisha agakiza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, asubira mu igenamiterere, kuri villa ku giti cye. Mu buryo butunguranye, ibikona byagaragaye mu madirishya yirukana umwenda hamwe na filozofiya. Abacakara bagerageje gufasha umugabo babitangaza kumyambarire igana ku nyanja.
Abicanyi bahageze - Centurion Gerneniya n'umugongo wa gisirikare. Umukozi yabwiye aho Cicero yababaye. Orator abonye iyi bahagarariye. Mariko yarebaga cyane abicanyi kumwanya ukunda, hanyuma yemererwa kwiyahura. Filozofiya yatewe icyuma, yamuciye umutwe n'amaboko yo kwandika disikuru arwanya Anthony.
Bibliografiya
- "Kubijyanye no gushaka"
- "Kuri Perezida w'Umuvugizi"
- "Kubaka imvugo"
- "Ku bwoko bwiza bw'abavuga"
- "Ibyerekeye Leta"
- "Brut"
- "Orateur"
- "Ingingo"
- "Kubyerekeye ubucuti"
- "Ku nshingano"
Amagambo
- Tugomba kuba imbata zamategeko kugirango tubohore.
- Rimwe na rimwe, yewe mova!
- Isura - Indorerwamo yubugingo.
- Ntabwo ari amazi, nta muriro dukoresha kenshi nkubucuti.
- N'ubundi kandi, ntibikenewe gusa kumenya ubwenge, ahubwo ni ngombwa no kubikoresha.