I-Biograge
Ngokuqinisekile abaningi basenebhentshi lesikole khumbula ukuthi ekhasini lezincwadi zezincwadi ku-Algebra ungathola igama elithi Leibnitsa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isithombe sakhe. Kepha akuyena wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi lo muntu akagcini nje ngokuqhamuka nophawu oluhlanganisiwe kanye namafomula wezibalo, kodwa futhi wathola okutholakele kwamanye amasimu esayensi. Ngeshwa, uLeibniz akazange athole inhlonipho efanelekile ngokufaneleka kwakhe empilweni, kodwa igama lakhe laqala ukungafi, futhi nezimfundiso zaleli sefilosongo ziba zisisekelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz uLeibniz wazalwa ngoJuni 21 (Julayi 1) kwa-1646, esikhungweni sokuphatha sezwe laseSaxony - Hanover. UGottfried wakhulela emndenini kaprofesa we-serbo-luzhitsky umsuka wefilosofi: iminyaka engu-12, umnakekeli oyinhloko, okondlayo mali asendlini wafundisa umhlaba okhethekile wawufundisa umhlaba okhethekile we isimilo.
Umlingani wakhe wesithathu katerina shmukk, indodakazi yommeli ophakeme, ngobuzwe - isiJalimane esihlanzekile. UGottfried wayeseyingane eyaziwa uNkulunkulu: Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umfana wakhombisa ubuhlakani bakhe, ngakho-ke uLeibrate wazama ukuthuthukisa ilukuluku lendodana encane. Njengoba sekuvele kungangabazeki ukuthi inzalo yabo yayizoba usosayensi omkhulu ozokwethula izinto eziwusizo kulomhlaba.
Ubaba womfana onesiphiwo wagxilisa eGottfree Heard uthando ngezincwadi, ngakho-ke uLeibniz wagwinya izincwadi ngomunye ngomunye, efunda izindaba zomlando ngamakhosi amakhulu nama-knights anesibindi. Ngeshwa, uLeibniz-SR. Wafa lapho umfana engekho futhi eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, kodwa umzali wawushiyela umtapo omkhulu, owaba indawo ayithandayo kwabasebasha abancane.
Ngelinye ilanga isazi sefilosofi esizayo nesosayensi sakhubeka emibhalweni emibili yesandla, yake yashiywa ngumfundi. Le kwakuyimisebenzi yesazi-mlando sasendulo saseRoma uLibya noMgcinimafa Wezikhathi weCalvia. Umlobi wokugcina, le nsiibunis esencane ifundwe ngaphandle kobunzima, kepha ukuqonda kweLibya kwavela ukuthi kunzima ku-gottfried, ngoba incwadi endala yabhalwa kusetshenziswa ama-rhetoric aphakanyisiwe futhi afakwe emibhalweni ephakeme.
Kepha uLeibniz, owayengajwayele ukunikela, wafunda kabusha imisebenzi yefilosofi, waze waqonda umnyombo wesichazamazwi esabhalwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isichazamazwi. Futhi, le nsizwa yafunda isiJalimane nesiLatini, ngaphambi kokuthuthuka kwengqondo kontanga yakhe. Uthisha weLabitsa wabona ukuthi iwadi yakhe ayilandelwanga uhlelo lwesikole, kepha iqhubekela phambili, ibeka ebhange lengulube yolwazi lwayo lomlobi wombhali, okufanele anake, abe ngumfundi wezigaba eziphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, uthisha okholelwe ukuthi u-gottfried kufanele asuswe izincwadi zikaLibya kude, aphikisane nama-boosters ale nsizwa, ukuthi kuyadingeka ukunaka imfundo yeLeibnian futhi afake uthando lothando lwe-humannky futhi Isazi semfundiso yenkolo uMartin Luther. Kepha, ngejazi elijabulisayo lezimo, elidlulayo elidlulayo, lezwa le ngxoxo futhi lifaka uthisha ngeqiniso lokuthi likufanelekile lonke ngesilinganiso esisodwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, akekho noyedwa owanqabelanga uLeibnitsa ngokuzimela ngokuzimela, ngoba uPhalamende - umuntu oyisikhulu, onelungelo lobuhlakani beLeibnitsa, wafuna ukuba nabazali bakhe ukunikeza ukhiye emtatsheni wezincwadi kababa. Ngakho-ke, le nsizwa yokuphelelwa isineke kule nsizwa yathinta imisebenzi yezazi zasendulo zeCicero, uPlato, uSeneki, i-Plinia.
ULeibniz wafunda esikhungweni semfundo ehlonishwayo - Isikole seLeipzig saseSt. Thomas. Lapho, insizwa ethile yabonisa amakhono akhe engqondo kothisha. Washeshe waxazulula imisebenzi yezibalo futhi wabonisa ithalente elingokoqobo. Ngosuku loZiqu-zintathu ONgcwele, lo mfundi obekumele afunde inkulumo yamaholide ayegula, ngakho-ke lo msebenzi waphathiswa i-lebibit.
UGottfried waphathwa ubusuku bonke ukubhala umsebenzi ngesiLatini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukwakha inkondlo kwabashayeli abahlanu, esethole umsindo oyifunayo wamagama. Othisha baprofethile umfana, owayeneminyaka eyi-1 kuphela, ikusasa elikhulu.
Okulandelayo, 14 (15) -U-GollFride oneminyaka eminyaka aqhubeke nesayensi ye-nibble granite ayisasesikoleni, kodwa e-University of Leipzig. Lapho wayeyithanda ifilosofi - imibhalo yeKepler neGalile. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uLeibniz wadluliselwa e-University of Jena, lapho aqala khona ukungena ezithembisaneni ezijulile.
Phakathi kokunye, le nsizwa yaqala ukuhileleka ebuhlungwini, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi inzalo yezefidi yemvelo eyayiphela empilweni. Ku-1663rd Leibniz uthole iziqu ze-bachelor's, kwathi ngemuva konyaka kamuva, iziqu ze-master ngefilosofi.
Imfundiso
Indlela yokuqala "emgomweni wokuzimela" weLeibniz wabhala ngo-1663. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo, kepha ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, uGottfried waba yi-alchemist eqashiwe. Iqiniso ngukuthi uLeibniz uzwile ngomphakathi we-alchemical e-Nuremberg futhi wanquma ukwenza iphutha: wakhipha amafomula angaqondakali kakhulu ezincwadini ezidumile ze-alchemists futhi waletha indatshana yakhe nguSihlalo we-Rosedreyeys.
Abalandeli bezimfundiso eziyimfihlakalo bamangazwa ulwazi lukaTefreeth futhi bamenyezele ngekhono. Usosayensi wavuma ukuthi akazange ahlushwe ukuzisola, isibalo esizayo sezibalo sathola lesi sinyathelo ngoba satshelwa kakhulu yilukuluku lakhe lokuzithoba.
Ngo-1667, uLeibniz osemusha waqala ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini yabantu osoloshwayo futhi waphumelela ekufundiseni kwefilosofi nangokwengqondo. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi lapho ingxoxo mayelana nokungazi lutho iyeza, khona-ke abaningi bakhumbula uSigmund Freud, kodwa kwakunguLeibniz obeka phambili umqondo wokuthola umbono omncane ongazi, ngaphambi kwe-psychoanalyst yaseJalimane iminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Ngo-1705, "kwalotshwa izivivinyo ezintsha zokuqonda kwabantu, kwabhalwa eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva umsebenzi wefilosofi wabizwa ngokuthi" Monadology "(1710).
Isazi sefilosofi sakha ohlelweni lwaso sokwenziwa, sakholelwa ukuthi izwe lonke elihlukahlukene liqukethe izinto ezithile - amabutho akhona ngokwahlukana avela komunye nomunye, futhi bona, bayinto engokomoya yokuba ngumuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngombono wakhe, umhlaba akuyona into engenakuchazeka, ngoba iyaqashelwa, futhi inkinga yeqiniso idinga ukuhunyushwa okunengqondo. Ezimfundisweni, i-Leibnia ephakeme inkomo nguMdali osungula i-oda elithile lomhlaba, futhi inqubo yeqiniso yavumela ubufakazi obunengqondo.
UGottfried wacabanga ukuthi uGenesise njengento evumelana ngayo, kodwa futhi wazama ukunqoba ukungqubuzana kokuhle nokubi. Imisebenzi yefilosofi yeLeibnia yathonya iSchelling neSchopenhauer, kepha uVoltaire wabheka imfundiso yakhe mayelana "nokucaciswa kukaNkulunkulu" (1710), okuchaza izigaba ezintathu zobubi, ezingenangqondo.
Izibalo nesayensi
Ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-mainz Kurfürst, i-Gotfree kwadingeka ukuba ihambe eYurophu. Ngalezi zixhumi, wahlangana nabaqambi abangamaKhristiani Guigens, owavuma ukumfundisa izibalo.
Ngo-1666, uGottfried uba ngumlobi wokwakheka "kubuciko be-combinatorics", futhi wakhulelwa umsebenzi mayelana nezibalo ze-logic. Singasho ukuthi uLeibniz wabheka futhi, ngoba lo ososayensi emi emithonjeni yekhompyutha nesayensi yekhompyutha.
Ngo-1673, weza ne-computing yedeskithophu, ehola ukuqoshwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinombolo ezisetshenzisiwe ezinhlelweni ze-decimis ze-Calculator. Idivayisi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Arithmometer LeiBy (imidwebo ye-arithmometer itholakala ku-Leonardo da Vinci Manuscript). Iqiniso ngukuthi uLeibnitsa acasukile ukuthi amaKhristu akhemkhulu akhe achitha isikhathi esiningi ngokungeza izinombolo, kwathi uGottfried uqobo wakukholwa ukuthi uzokwengeza, lezi zaziyizinceku.
I-Ariithmometer idlula umshini wokubala wePascal. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ikhophi elilodwa lecebo le-computing lawela ezandleni zikaPeter I, okumangazwa yile divayisi, washesha wanikeza lesi simangaliso kumbusi waseChina.
Umuntu omaziyo wenkosi, owashisa iwindi eYurophu, futhi usosayensi waseJalimane wenzeka ngo-19997, futhi lo mhlangano wawungahleliwe. Ngemuva kwezingxoxo ezinde, uLeibniz wamukelwe kuPeter, inkokhelo yezimali kanye nesihloko someluleki wezobulungiswa. Kepha phambilini, ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwamabutho aseRussia empini eNarva, uLeibniz waqanjwa ngethemba le-Odea Karla XII, lapho azwakalise khona ithemba lokuthi iSweden izosabalalisa imingcele yayo eMoscow yaya ku-AMUR.
Kepha wabe esevuma ukuthi unenjabulo yokuba ngumngane wenkosi enkulu yaseRussia, futhi ngenxa yeLeibnitsa Peter ngiyakuvumela ukwakhiwa kwe-Academy of Scienceburg. Ukusuka e-biography ye-GOTFrida, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1708 waba nengxabano noMlobi womthetho womlando wezwe ka-Isaac Newton. ULeibniz washicilela ukutholwa kwakhe kwezibalo kohlelo lokuhlukanisa ama-Calculator, kepha uNewton, owamazi lo msebenzi wesayensi, wasola ozakwabo kumhlangano wokwenza umhlangano wokuntshontsha imibono nokubanjwa kwe-plagiarism.
U-Isaka wathi wafika eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kodwa akazange ashicilele imisebenzi yakhe. ULeibniz akazange asho ukuthi wake wafunda umbhalo wesandla kaNewton, kodwa wafika emiphumeleni efanayo ngokuzimela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane aqhamuka nophawu olukahle, okuyizibalo ezisetshenziswa kulolu suku.
Ingxabano phakathi kukaNewton noLeibniz yaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1713, le mpikiswano yaba okusanhlamvu ekuqaleni kwempi ebaluleke kakhulu yePan-European ", nasemadolobheni kwakukhona izincwajana ezingaziwa ezazivikeleke ezaziwayo komunye wabahlanganyeli engxabanweni. Lokhu kuxabana kuye kwaziwa ngokuthi "i-squabble eyihlazo kunazo zonke emlandweni wonke wezibalo."
Ngenxa yamabutho, ososayensi ababili baqamba ama-English Mathematical School, kanti okunye ukuvula uNewton kwakunganakwa futhi umphakathi waziwa kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi. Ngaphezu kwezibalo, i-physics kanye ne-psychology, i-Leibniz Stud Biology, (usosayensi ubeka phambili umqondo we-organic system njengobuqotho), futhi waphumelela nezilimi kanye naseqenjini.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
ILeibnic ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ingqondo ephelele yobuntu, kepha i-gottfried, igcwele imibono, ibingahlali iletha umsebenzi waqala ukuphela. Kunzima ukwahlulela ngesimo sososayensi, ngoba abantu besikhathi sakhe bawuchaza umfanekiso wososayensi ngezindlela ezihlukile. Abanye bathi ungumuntu oyisidina futhi ongathandeki, abanye banikezwa izici ezinhle kakhulu.
UGottfried, unamathela kwifilosofi yakhe uqobo, wayengumuntu obethemba futhi wayengumuntu onobuntu, ngisho nangesikhathi sokungqubuzana no-Isaac Newton akazange asho igama elibi kumphikisi. Kepha uLeibniz wayethuthumela ngokushesha futhi walimala, kodwa washeshe waqonda futhi wahleka kaningi, noma ngabe kwakuyimizwelo engenangqondo. Noma kunjalo, usosayensi wayenobubi, yena ngokwakhe waqaphela: Kwesinye isikhathi isazi sezibalo sasiyi-stingy ne-korestolobive.
ILeibniz igqoke kahle futhi igqoke i-wig emnyama, ngoba yayibizwa kakhulu ngemfashini yalesosikhathi. Ekudleni, usosayensi wayengakhethi, newayini elahliweyo kuyaqabukela, imvamisa ngamaholide. Kepha ngisho nakulesi siphuzo esivuthayo esivela kumagilebhisi, ushukela oxubile, njengoba enamnandi.
Ngokuqondene nobudlelwano besifo, kunolwazi oluncane mayelana namanoveli kaGottfried, futhi ezinye izingoboshini zezimbali ziyaqiniseka ukuthi kunowesifazane oyedwa empilweni yososayensi - isayensi. Kepha waqala ubungane obufudumele neNdlovukazi yasePrussian uSofia Charlotte Hannover, noma kunjalo, lobu budlelwano abungemi ngaphezu kohlaka lwe-Platonic. Ngo-1705, uSofia wafa, kanti uLeibniz akakwazanga ukwamukela impilo yakhe yonke nalokho akwenzekile, ngemuva kokufa kwesithandwa sakhe, akazange athole amantombazane, okwakungawatholela inhliziyo yakhe.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila, uLeibnitsa wayenesibindi, ngoba ubuhlobo bakhe nenkosi yamanje yesiNgisi ayizange ihlawulwe: Babheka ososayensi abakhulu njengenkantolo, futhi baqiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa imali eyengeziwe ukukhokhela umsebenzi we ILabitsa, sonke isikhathi saveza inganekwane yakhe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ezungezwe usosayensi kwawukuphazamiseka kwabaphathi kanye nokuhlaselwa yisonto.
Kepha, naphezu kobuze bokuthi, i-Gottrid yaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya kwisayensi ayithandayo. Ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi, usosayensi waba ne-gout ne-rheumatism, kepha ubuhlakani akethembanga impilo yakhe kodokotela, futhi wajabulela umuthi owodwa kuphela onikelwe ngumngane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLeibniz wayenezinkinga zombono, njengoba isazi sezefilosofi esigugayo asilahlekelwa uthando ngokufunda.
NgoNovemba 14, 1716, uLeibniz akazange abale umthamo wezidakamizwa zokwelapha futhi wazizwisa ubuhlungu. Njengoba ufikile, ebona isimo sezibalo, yena waya ekhemisi, kodwa wawungenaso isikhathi - uGottfried Leibniz ushonile. Ngemuva kombhokisi we-sage, owethule indawo engakaze ubonwe, umuntu oyedwa kuphela ohambile - unobhala wakhe.
Ukutholwa
- 1673 - Arithmometer
- 1686 - Isibonakaliso sokuhlanganiswa
- 1692 - Umqondo kanye ne-equation yemviloshi yomndeni wepharamu elilodwa lama-curve
- I-1695 - Umsebenzi wokubonisa ngendlela ejwayelekile ebanzi
- 1702 - Ukuthola ukubola kwezingxenyana ezinengqondo kwisamba esilula