I-Biograge
"... Ngifunde ngentshiseko i-apulaa, futhi uCicero akafundanga," lesi sicaphuni esivela ku-Evgenia abonga ngohlelo lwesikole saziwa cishe cishe sonke isiRussia.Ngeshwa, le ndaba igcine imininingwane encane ngempilo ye-lucion ye-apulaa, noma kunjalo kanye nemininingwane etholakalayo yanele ukuqonda - i-stal biography yanele ukunikeza umhlabathi onobuhlakani obuningi bokuqala.Ubuntwana nentsha
Iminyaka eminingi yolwazi oluthembekile ngokuphila, i-apulaa ayigcinwanga, ngakho-ke lonke ulwazi mayelana nomlobi ngokukhethekile lufundwe "enkulumweni" esho lapho enkantolo ukususa izinsolo zokuthakatha.
Namuhla, unyaka wokuzalwa kwe-apulela uthathwa njengeminyaka eyi-124. Ns. I-Ritiit yesikhathi esizayo nefilosofi yazalelwa emndenini wendoda ehlonishwayo - uyise wayeyisikhulu saseMadavre (manje leli dolobha lingelika-Algeria futhi libizwa ngokuthi uMdouurn). Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwentambo, emndenini kwakukhona enye indodana.
EMamavre, u-Aluli wafunda iminyaka yokuqala, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho le nsizwa yaya eCarthage ukuqhubeka nemfundo emkhakheni weRhetoric. Mayelana nalombhali wedolobha okhunjulwa ngemfudumalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, iCarthage yayiyisikhungo samasiko, okuncane lapho iRoma evunwa khona.
Ngemuva kokufa kukayise ka-Aluli nomfowabo bazuze isidumbu, noma ngabe asikikhulu kakhulu, kodwa sanele umbhali wesikhathi esizayo ukuba aye e-Athene. Lapho, ama-louchies ahlela ukuqhubeka nezifundo zawo, njengale ndlela, ngaleso sikhathi ayengabalulekanga kwezombusazwe, wayaziswa njengendawo yesiko eliphakeme. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abasha abavikelekile abavela kuyo yonke iGrisi bagijimela e-Athene baye bafunda efilosofi ehlonishwayo, yize isikhathi se-antonins sasiyisikhathi esinzima salesayensi.
E-Athene, u-Aluli waqala ukuzibeka njengefilosofi Platonic, yize ejwayelana nemisiphi yefilosofi edumile.
Ukuhamba ezweni lonke kunikeze abantu abasha ithuba lokujwayelanga ngefilosofi kuphela. Endleleni, wahlangabezana nezibalo zenkolo, wabuka impilo yehlelo futhi akazange angakunaki ukuhlanganyela kulolu hlangothi lwempilo.
Ngaphezu kwemfundo, ukuhamba kwavumela umlobi wesikhathi esizayo ukuba andise izikhala kamuva futhi azuze ubuhlakani. U-Apulela wangihlaba umxhwele izincwadi kuphela, phakathi neminyaka yokutadisha wayenesithakazelo ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene - iJiyometri, Medicine, Umculo.
Njengoba eseqede izifundo zakhe eGreece, uLuciya waya eRoma, lapho phakathi neminyaka eminingana afunda ulimi lwesiLatin namakhono athuthukisiwe ku-Rhetoric. Ngokweminye imithombo, ngaleso sikhathi, u-Aluli wabuye wahlanganyela ezinkulumo zokubhala ngezinqubo zokwahlulela.
ERoma, uLucius wajoyina ukuhamba, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-solistic yesibili. Othisha abanojezisi abamlandela bazibandakanya nokuhlangana kabusha komphakathi, futhi banaka ngokukhethekile ngobuhlakani obuqinile. Bese sathonya indlela yokubhala ye-Apulean, izinkambiso ze-archaissic zanqoba kuyo, ngenxa yalokho ulimi lwemisebenzi yombhali olukude nenkulumo yezindlu yesikhathi esiphila khona futhi esiphikelelayo.
Ukudala
Emisebenzini ye-Apulen, eyafika kulolu suku lwanamuhla, into entsha "i-metamorphosis", noma, njengoba ihlukile, "imbongolo yegolide". Akukaziwa ukuthi umsebenzi ubhalwe ngesikhathi umsebenzi ngokunembile, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene bangabakhe bokuqala bokuqamba kombhali (ama-150s) kanye nokwephuzile (170-180-e).
Enye into yezingxabano ezihlobene ne- "Metamorphosis" - imithombo lapho inoveli yabhalwa khona. Izinguqulo zivamile ukuthi u-Aluli waphefumulelwa izindaba zeMilesky, empeleni akazange agcinwe lo msebenzi, okusolwa ngokusolwa. Umthombo wesibili ongaba khona ubizelwe umsebenzi weLuki kusuka ku-Patr, ubuntu, iqiniso lawo elingaqinisekisiwe.
"I-Metamorphosis" isho mayelana nokufika kwezindawo nezingazi ezihlanzayo, insizwa evikelekile nenhle eRoma. Ngokuhluleka ukuzama ama-ointmentions omlingo, iqhawe lenoveli liphenduka embongolweni futhi lisebenzise impilo engalungile lesilwane isikhathi eside, siguqula abanikazi futhi babukele konke okubi nokushiyeka komphakathi kanye nokushiyeka komphakathi.
Inoveli yabhalwa ngokuqinile ngamabomu, futhi umbhali usebenzisa amagama aphelelwe yisikhathi ngisho nangesikhathi sokubhala "i-metamorphosis". Kunezinguqulo ezimbalwa zenhloso yokubhala umsebenzi. Ngokusho kweyodwa, iyindlela ethosiwe ye-esoteric yezeluleko: Ukuwohloka kobuntu kulandelwa kalula emsebenzini lapho kungabikho ukuphakanyiswa okuqhubekayo ngesingeniso saphezulu.
Mhlawumbe "i-metamorphosis" iyi-biography ebhalwe phansi ye-auleua uqobo. Njengomlingiswa ophambili, wayezithanda izimfundiso eziyimfihlakalo futhi waheha inkantolo ngezinsolo zobuthakathi. Uhlobo lwesithathu luthi inoveli ukuzwisisa ama-Sanetuard of rome, i-apuleu yesimanje.
Inani elihlukile livezwa ngokufakwa okunobungane ekwakhiweni, lapho inganekwane mayelana ne-Amur ne-Psychory yathola ukuthandwa okukhulu kakhulu. Inoveli phakathi kwentombazane enhle nobunkulumbi bothando esikhathini esizayo yaphumelela emasikweni aseYurophu futhi yahunyushwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko, kusukela ekupendweni komculo.
I- "Florida" akuwona umsebenzi ozimele, kanye neqoqo, okubandakanya izinkulumo ze-apulean, ezibhalwe ngesitayela se-sofics yesibili. Uhlobo oluphelele lwamaphasi angama-23 aqoqwe ngumbhali ongaziwa afinyelela kulolu suku. Izinhlobo zihlobene kuphela ngesitayela, akukho ukuxhumana kokuqukethwe. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, uFlorida ubonakalisa isiko nomoya wokuphatheka lapho u-apule ahlala khona.
"Ukuxolisa" - umsebenzi, obalulekile kwizazi-mlando. Kule nkulumo yokwahlulela, u-Apuli ukhuluma ngempilo yakhe. Ukusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwezithenjwa ngokuthi "ukuxolisa" - isampula evelele esele Rhetoric kanye nesibonelo sobuciko bezinkulumo zalezo zikhathi.
Futhi, isikhalazo, ngokuthi "ePlaton nasekufundiseni kwakhe", "mayelana noSocrates" kanye "nezwe" lafika, "mayelana nonkulunkulu" phambilini, kanti labokugcina lalibangelwe ngaphambili Aristotle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Aluli wanxuswa ubuhlakani bezinkondlo, kepha izinkondlo zakhe zagcinwa kuphela ngesimo sezingcezu ezihlakazekile.
Isimo sengqondo ngomsebenzi womlobi washintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuya ngenkathi. Phakathi kwalabo ababephila nabo njengombhali, njengomgibeli. Ukubaluleka kwesibalo se-apulera kusho ukuthi embhalweni weCarthage kabili wasungula izifanekiso.
Esikhathini senkathi yokuqala ephakathi, abantu baphinde bathola umsebenzi wakhe ngokombono wobuKristu, ngenkathi bevame ukukhohlwa ukuthi ayikho indawo emsebenzini wemibono yobuKristu ka-Apulean. Ezikhathini ezizayo, wabukwa kakhudlwana njenge-polosopher nePlatonine egunyazayo kunomlobi.
Ukuphela kwe-19 - Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-20 kwakuyinkathi ethile "ye-Opals" "ye-Metamorphosis" ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuyiphutha kwencwadi, umphakathi wePuritan akazange ukwazise inani lezincwadi lenoveli, ngakho-ke ukuqashelwa kokugcina kwe Ukufeza kombhali i-apulean kwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu lama-20.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
"Ukuxolisa" okudumile kubhalwe ngenxa ye-peripeties empilweni yomuntu siqu yombhali. Maphakathi ne-150s, i-apulate yaya e-Alexandria, kodwa isendleleni yagula. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhambo kwadingeka ukuthi kuphazamise ukuyeka edolobheni lase-Ey (namuhla kuyindawo yeTripoli). Lapho umlobi wahlangana noPonthian, nobani benza abangane ngenkathi befunda e-Athene. Wayeyindodana yezinkomba, evikelekile ngumfelokazi oneminyaka engama-40. Ngemuva kokuthandana no-Aluluvea nowesifazane, wamenza wanikeza impendulo eyamukelwa ngayo.
UNaren Popetichli akazange afane nalo mshado - izihlobo ezivela kumyeni wakhe nawo uqobo anezinhlobo ezisesimweni somfelokazi.
Ngakho-ke, lapho isiPoniti, sesivele sehle i-Aloulean, ngokuzumayo safa, umbhali, babhekene necala lokuthakatha, kuthiwa bakhonzele imbangela yokufa kwabantu abaningana.
Ukumangalelwa kokufa kukaPonia kwabuya esigabeni sokuphenywa kokuqala: Izikhonzi zokuphoqelelwa komthetho zagcina ziqinisekile ngezimbangela zalo zemvelo. Ngokuyala okuqhubekayo kwe-apuli, wakhetha ukuqonda ngokuzimela, ekhuluma ummeli ngokwakhe. "Ukuxolisa" kungumlando wenkulumo yakhe yokuvikela ngesikhathi sokulalelwa. Nokho, isinqumo esinembile seNkantolo ngaphambi kokuba inzalo ayifinyelelanga, ubufakazi bokuthi u-Aduleua ophumelelayo ukhombisa ukuthi umbhali wanesizathu.
Akukaziwa ukuthi umbhali nemidlwane inezingane ezivamile. 2 Ama-Essays angu-Alule anikezelwe indodana yomuntu uFaustina, kepha igama elithi "ndodana" lingasho ingane yemvelo nomfundi.
Ukushona
Ukwahlulela ngezinkulumo ze-apulean, emthambekeni wale minyaka, umlobi wathuthela ukuze azohlala eCarthage futhi waba ngumholi wezenkolo, umholi wePrince. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi walandela ihlelo le-Isis. Futhi, ubuhlakani buka-Apulean bakwa-Apule bulandela ukuthi umlobi waphila. Kodwa-ke, eminweni yabantu yesikhathi esizayo iyalahleka, ngakho-ke isikhathi nembangela yokufa, kanye nendawo yethuna i-Alungean ayaziwa.
Imininingwane ngqo ekubonakaleni kombhali ayigcinwanga. Izithombe zephrinta ezingafinyeleli ezinsukwini zanamuhla, nemidwebo nezithombe ezi-medallions yizithelo zomcabango wabaculi.
Amacaphuna
"Nginqunu ukunqunyelwa kanye nama-solub ayishumi ngeke aphumelele." "Umuntu ngamunye ungesona ngokwehlukana, ubuntu ngokuvamile abufi." "Siphuza isitsha sokuqala sokoma ukuqina, okwesibili - okwesithathu kwenzelwa injabulo, kanye ne Okwesine - ngobuhlanya. "" Esikwaziyo kulinganiselwe, futhi asazi - ngokungapheli. "Ukusebenza
- "I-Metamorphosis"
- "Ukuxolisa"
- "Florida"
- "Ku-Socrate Divine"
- "Mayelana noPlaton nokufundisa kwakhe"
- "Mayelana Nomhlaba"