Ivan Bunin - Biography, izithombe, impilo yomuntu siqu, izincwadi nezinkondlo

I-Biograge

I-russian nobel laureate yokuqala yaseRussia u-Ivan alekseevich bunin ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Jewelleir of the elithi, umdwebi wezincwadi ze-prose, ubuhlakani bezincwadi zaseRussia kanye nommeleli wesikhathi esikhanyayo. Abagxeki bemibhalo bavuma ukuthi ku-Buninsky asebenza lapho izihlobo ezinezithombe zeViktor Vasnetsov, nasemhlabeni jikelele kwezindaba nendaba ka-Ivan Alekseevich efana ne-MI KRUBEEVICS.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Phakathi kwaso-Phakathi kuka-Ivan Bunin baphikisa ukuthi "ukuzala", iziqu zokuzalwa zika-Aristocracy zazizwa embhalweni. Akukho okumangazayo: U-Ivan Alekseevich ungummeleli wesikhulu sasendulo, esiphuma ngezimpande ngekhulu le-XV. Ijazi lomndeni lejazi lama-bunins lifakiwe e-gerbank ye-Noble Childbrirth yoMbuso WaseRussia. Phakathi kwamadlozi omlobi ngumsunguli wezothando, umlobi we-ballad nezinkondlo zeVasily Zhukovsky.

U-Ivan Alekseevich wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 1870 eVoronezh, emndenini wabampofu no-Alexei Bunin, washada nomzala kaLyudmila Chubarova, owesimame onomnene, kodwa ogqamile. Wabeletha umyeni wakhe wezingane eziyisishiyagalolunye, wasinda lapho emine.

EVoronezh, lo mndeni washukumisa iminyaka engu-4 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kuka-Ivan ukunikeza ukwakheka kwamadodana amadala uJulia no-Eugene. Ixazululwe efulethini eliqashiwe emgwaqweni omkhulu omuhle. Lapho u-Ivan eneminyaka emine, abazali babuyela efeni elijwayelekile lebhodlela esifundazweni sase-Oryol. Ubuntwana buka-bunin babanjwa epulazini.

Uthando lokufunda umfana olwenziwe umfana gutener - umfundi waseMoscow University Nikolai Romashkov. Indlu u-Ivan Bunin yafunda izilimi, yenza ukugxila kwesiLatini. Izincwadi zokuqala zifundwa ezincwadini zabo zombhali wesikhathi esizayo - "Odyssey" weHomer neqoqo lezinkondlo zesiNgisi.

Ehlobo lika-1881, uBaba waletha u-Ivan waya ku-Ivan. Indodana encane idlule ezivivinyweni futhi yangena ebangeni le-1 lokuzivocavoca lowesilisa. Ukubukeka kuthambekele i-bunin, kepha akuzange kuthinte isayensi eqondile. Encwadini, umdala uMfoweth 'uVanta wavuma ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kubheka "okubi kakhulu". Eminyakeni engu-5 kamuva kamuva u-Ivan Bunin waxoshwa endaweni yokuzivocavoca phakathi konyaka wesikole. Le nsizwa eneminyaka engu-16 yafika efeni likababa we-Ozerki ngamaholide kaKhisimusi, futhi akakaze abuyele kwa-ejensi. Ngokwehluleka ukuvela endaweni yokuzivocavoca, umfana awuzange ukhiphe lo mfo. Umdala umfowethu uJulius wabandakanyeka ekwakhekeni okwengeziwe kuka-Ivan.

Into yokufunda

Emachibini aqala i-biography yokudala ka-Ivan Bunin. Efeni, waqhubeka nokusebenza "ekuzijabuliseni" kwethulwe ema-Yelets, kodwa umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba umfundi afike. Kepha inkondlo yombhali osemncane, ebhalwe ngaphansi komqondo wokufa kwesithombe - imbongi yeNedon Yembewu - Ishicilelwe ebhukwini "I-Motherland".

Efeni likababa, ngosizo lukaMfoweth 'u-Ivan Bunin olulungiselelwe izivivinyo zokuthweswa iziqu, wawadlula futhi wathola isitifiketi sokuvuthwa.

Ukusuka ekwindla ka-1889 kuya ehlobo lika-1892, u-Ivan Bunin wasebenza kumagazini "Orlovsky Bulletin," lapho kwaphrintwa khona izindaba zakhe zokubhala. Ngo-Agasti 1892, uJulius wabiza umfowenu ePoltava, lapho u-Ivana ahlela khona okuthunyelwe komtapo wezincwadi kuHulumeni wesiFundazwe.

NgoJanuwari 1894, umlobi wavakashela eMoscow, lapho ahlangana khona nomoya we-LV Tolstoy. NjengoLev Nikolayevich, i-bunin igxeka impucuko yedolobha. Ezindabeni ze- "Antonovskiy apula", "Epitaph" kanye "New Road" ukuqagela ngamanothi angenamuntu ngenkathi ephumayo, kuyazisola ngobudlova obuwohlokayo.

Ngo-1897, u-Ivan Bunin ukhiphe incwadi ethi "Emaphethelweni Wokukhanya" eSt. Petersburg. Ngonyaka wakuhumusha phambili le nkondlo uHenry Longfello "Isihlabelelo se-Guyavate". U-Alkei, Saadi, Francesco Petrarca, u-Adam Mitskevich noGeorge Baairon bavele ekuhunyushwe yi-bunin.

Ngo-1898, ukuqoqwa kwezinkondlo kuka-Ivan Aleksevich "Ovulekile-Air" kwakhululwa eMoscow, imfudumalo yabagxeki bemibhalo kanye nabafundi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, i-bunin yanikeza abathandi bezinkondlo encwadini yesibili yezinkondlo - "Uhlu luwela", isiphathimandla esihlanjalaziwe 'njengembongi yezwe laseRussia'. ISt. Petersburg Academy of Science ngo-1903, u-Ivan Bunin unikezwa umklomelo wokuqala we-pushkin, olandelwa owesibili.

Kepha endaweni yenkondlo u-Ivan Bunin uthole idumela le- "land-fashion landscape system". Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890s, "imfashini" izimbongi uValery Bryusov, owaletha amazwi kaRussia othi "ukuphefumula emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni", kanye no-Alexander Block ngamaqhawe alo e-turcury. U-Maximilian Voloshin ekubuyekezweni kwe-bunin collection "izinkondlo" wabhala ukuthi u-Ivan Aleksevich wazithola ebeka eceleni "kusukela ekubukeni okujwayelekile", kodwa kusukela embusweni wokupenda, "i-canvas yakhe" yenkondlo "yafinyelela" ekupheleni kokuphelela ". Izibonelo zokuphelela nokuzibophezela kuma-Classics wokugxekwa shayela inkondlo "Ngikhumbula kusihlwa ebusika," kusihlwa ".

U-Ivan Bunin-Boet akwamukeli okusobala nokubucayi kubukeka kwemicimbi yezinguquko ka-1905-1907, azibiza ngokuthi "ufakazi woMkhulu notshani". Ngo-1910, u-Ivan Aleksevich ushicilela le ndaba "idolobhana", eyaqala ekuqaleni "imisebenzi eminingana, edonsa kakhulu umphefumulo waseRussia." Ukuqhubeka kochungechunge kuba yindaba ethi "SUKHODOL" nezindaba "," Phezu "," Prince izikhulu "," Lapti ".

Ngo-1915 u-Ivan Bunin aqondwe ukuthandwa. Izindaba zayo ezidumile "Mnu. ESan Francisco", "uhlelo lothando", "ukuphefumula okulula" kanye "noSonya Chang". Ngo-1917, umbhali ushiya i-petrograd yenguquko, agweme "ukusondela okubi kwesitha." Isigamu sonyaka, uBunin wayehlala eMoscow, ukusuka lapho ngoMeyi 1918 washiya i-Odessa, lapho abhala khona idayari "Izinsuku ze-Okayan" - ukufutheka kwenguquko kanye neziphathimandla zeBolshevik.

Umlobi, ukugxeka ngamandla amandla amasha, kuyingozi ukuhlala ezweni. NgoJanuwari 1920, u-Ivan Aleksevich ushiya iRussia. Usuka eKonstantinopol, kwathi ngoMashi kuvela eParis. Lapha ukuqoqwa kwezindaba ezibizwa nge- "Mnu. ESan Francisco", okwakuhlangana nabalaleli ngentshiseko.

Kusukela ehlobo lika-1923, u-Ivan Bunin wayehlala eVilla "Belvedere" otshanini obudala, lapho kwamvakashela khona uSergey Rachninov. Kule minyaka, izindaba "uthando lokuqala", "izibalo", "Rosa Jeriko" ne- "Mitin Love" zishicilelwe.

Ngo-1930, u-Ivan Alekseevich wabhala indaba ethi "isithunzi sezinyoni" futhi waqeda umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu odalwe ekuthukeni, - Impilo yaseRoma "yempilo ye-Arsyev. Ukuchazwa kweqhawe leqhawe kwabuhlungu ngosizi lweRussia edlule, "emehlweni ethu emehlweni ethu emfishane kangako emilingo."

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, u-Ivan Bunin wathuthela eVilla "Jeannet", lapho ayehlala khona phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Umbhali ukhathazekile ngesiphetho sendawo kamama futhi ejabule wahlangana nezindaba eziwukunqoba okuncane kwamasosha aseSoviet. UBunin wayehlala ebuphofini. Mayelana nesikhundla sakhe esinzima sabhala:

"Bengicebile - manje, ngentando yabampofu, ngokuzumayo kwaba yinkinga ... wawudumile emhlabeni wonke - manje angifuni ukuya ekhaya!"

IVilla ihlisiwe: Uhlelo lokushisa alusebenzanga, bekukhona ukuphazamiseka ngokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi nolwandle. U-Ivan Alekseevich watshela abangane bakhe ngeHu "Cave Coliqu HUNGER" ezincwadini. Ukuthola okungenani inani elincane, i-bunin yabuza umngani oshiye eMelika kunoma yiziphi izimo ukushicilela iqoqo "ama-soley amnyama". Incwadi ekusakazweni kwa-Russian kwamakhophi angama-600 yashicilelwa ngo-1943, kuye umbhali wathola u- $ 300. Iqoqo lingene endabeni ethi "Hlanza uMsombuluko". Umsebenzi wobuciko bokugcina u-Ivan Bunina uyinkondlo "ebusuku" - uphume ngo-1952.

Abaphenyi bobuhlakani bakaProser babona ukuthi izindaba zakhe nezindaba ze-cinematographic. Ngokokuqala ngqa ekuhlolweni kwemisebenzi ka-Ivan Bunin, umkhiqizi waseHollywood okhulume, owaveza isifiso sokuthatha isikhundla sefilimu ngokwengeziwe ngendaba kaMnu San Francisco. Kepha leli cala laphela ngengxoxo.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1960, abaqondisi baseRussia badonsela ukunaka emsebenzini we-Compatriot. Ifilimu elifushane endabeni kaMitina uthando lususe i-vasily pichul. Ngo-1989, kwadedelwa umdwebo we- "MAYPERTE SPRING" kwizikrini ngegama elifanayo uBunin.

Ngo-2000, i-biography yefilimu "idayari yomkakhe" eqondiswa nguthisha ka-Alexey, lapho kutshelwa umlando wobudlelwano emndenini weProduki.

I-resonance yabangela i-Premiere ye-Drama "Sunflow" Nikita Mikhalkov ngonyaka ka-2014. Iteyipu yayisuselwa endabeni yegama elifanayo nencwadi ethi "Izinsuku ze-Okayan".

Umklomelo kaNobel

Okokuqala ngqa u-Ivan Bunin aqokwe umklomelo kaNobel ngo-1922. ILaureate yoMklomelo kaNobel umklomelo we-Rollind yavunwa. Kepha umklomelo wanikezwa imbongi yase-Ireland uWilliam Yetsu.

Ngawo-1930, ababhali abafudukayo baseRussia baxhumene nenqubo, izinkinga zabo zithwebula umqhele ngokunqobayo: NgoNovemba 1933, iSweden Academy yethule eya kumklomelo we-Ivan Bunin ezincwadini. Lapho kuncenga i-laureate, kwathiwa wathola umvuzo "wokuzilibazisa ngohlobo lomlingiswa ojwayelekile waseRussia."

Umklomelo wamaFransc wama-715 u-Ivan Bunin uhambe ngokushesha. Isigamu ezinyangeni zokuqala esatshalaliswa kulabo abadinga wonke umuntu ophendukele kuye ukuze afune usizo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokwamukela lo mklomelo, umbhali wavuma ukuthi uthole izincwadi ezingama-2000 ezicela imali.

Iminyaka emithathu ngemuva kokulethwa komklomelo kaNobel, u-Ivan Bunin wangena ebuphofini obujwayelekile. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wayengenalo indlu yakhe. I-bunin enhle kakhulu ichaze isimo sezinto ezisenkonzweni emfushane "inyoni inesidleke", lapho kukhona imigqa:

Isilo sineNora, inyoni inesidleke.

INDLELA EBANI IBHODI, IBONAKALA NOLO

Uma ungena, ukugcona, endlini yomunye umuntu

Ngokotini wakhe we-versa!

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Uthando lokuqala ngumlobi osemusha owahlangana lapho esebenza ku "Oryol Gazette." UBarbara Paschenko - Ubuhle obuphezulu ePenna - babonakala bekhukhunase kakhulu i-bunin futhi bakhungathekiswa. Kepha kungekudala wathola i-interlocutor ethokozisayo entombazaneni. URoman waqubuka, kepha uyise kaBarbara wayeyinsizwa empofu enamathemba enkungu awazange athande. Imibhangqwana yayihlala ngaphandle komshado. Ezikhumbuzweni sakhe, u-Ivan Bunin ubiza iBarbaru - "umfazi ongavikeleki."

Ngemuva kokuthuthela ePoltava, kwakungekho ubuhlobo obunzima. UVarvarra - intombazane evela emndenini ovikelekile - ukuba khona komndeni waseNishchenskoe: waphuma endlini, washiya umbhikisho ngenothi yokuvalelisa. Ngokushesha, uPaschenko waba yisisebenzi somlingisi we-Arseny Bibikov. U-Ivan Bunin washukumisa kakhulu igebe, abafowethu besaba impilo yakhe.

Ngo-1898, u-Ivan Aleksevich wajwayelana no-Anna Zakney e-Odessa. Waba ngumkakhe wokuqala osemthethweni weBunin. Ngawo lowo nyaka umshado wenzeka. Kepha ndawonye, ​​abashadikazi bahlala isikhathi eside: baqala eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ukuphela kwendodana yombhali yazalwa emshadweni - uNikolai, kodwa ngo-1905 umfana wabulawa yi-Scarlantine. Kwakungekho zingane eBunin.

Uthando lwempilo ka-Ivan Bunin ngunkosikazi wesithathu uVera Muromtsev, ahlangana naye eMoscow, eqenjini lemibhalo ngoNovemba 1906. I-Muromtseva iyisipho sezifundo eziphakeme zabesifazane, amakhemikhali ayethanda amakhemikhali futhi achithe izilimi ezintathu ngokukhululeka. Kepha kusukela ekubhalweni kwemibhalo kweBohemiya kwakukude kakhulu.

Abasanda kushada babeshade ekuthukeni, ngo-1922: Iminyaka eyi-Tsakni ayinikezanga isehlukaniso sabasekeli. I-Chafer emshadweni kwakungu-Alexander Kuphrin. Abashadikazi bahlala ndawonye ekufeni kwe-bunin, yize impilo yabo ingenamafu ngeke ushayele. Ngo-1926, amahlebezi ngonxantathu wothando olungaziwa avele endaweni yokufuduka: Umlobi osemusha uGalina kuznetova wayehlala endlini ka-Ivan kanye nokholo, lapho i-Ivan Bunin pubula yayingeyona imizwa enobungane.

Kuznetov shayela umlobi wakamuva wothando. EVilla yabalingani bakaBhanin, waphila iminyaka eyi-10. Usizi i-Ivan u-Aleksevich wasinda lapho ezwa ngentshiseko kaGalina kudade wefilosofi Fyodor Stewerna - Margarita. UKunetova wasuka endlini kaBunin waya eMargo, okwakuyimbangela yokudangala okuvela kumlobi. Abangani baka-Ivan Alekseevich babhala ukuthi i-bunin ngaleso sikhathi yayiseduze kobuhlanya nokuphelelwa yithemba. Usebenze usuku, wazama ukukhohlwa othandekayo wakhe.

Ngemuva kokuhlukana ne-kuznetsova Ivan Bunin wabhala inoveli engu-38, efakiwe eqoqweni "Ama-Sollys amnyama".

Ukushona

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940, odokotela batholwa e-bunin emphiza wamaphaphu. Lapho kugcizelelwa nguMedikov, u-Ivan Alekseevich waya e-Resort eningizimu yeFrance. Kepha isimo sempilo asikathuthukisi. Ngo-1947, i-Ivan Bunin eneminyaka engama-79 ubudala yenza okokugcina ithandela izilaleli zababhali.

Ubumpofu buphoqelelwa ukuthi bacele usizo ku-Emigram yaseRussia u-Andrei Sadykh. Ususe umhlalaphansi ogulayo ogula umhlalaphansi e-American Philanthropes Frank Atra. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yeBunin, u-Ashran wakhokha ama-Fransc ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kumlobi njalo ngenyanga.

Ekwindla sekwephuzile ngo-1953, isimo sezempilo u-Ivan Bunin saba sibi. Akazange avuke embhedeni. Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe, umlobi wacela umkakhe ukuba afunde izincwadi zikaChekhov.

NgoNovemba 8, udokotela washo ukushona kuka-Ivan Aleksevich. Isizathu saso sasiyisifutho senhliziyo ne-sclerosis yamaphaphu. Ngingcwabe uLobel Laureate emathuneni eSaint-Geneva de Boua, indawo lapho kwakutholakala khona amakhulukhulu abafuduki baseRussia.

I-Bibliography

• "Ama-apula e-antonovsky"
• "Village"
• "Sukhodol"
• "Ukuphefumula okulula"
• "Iphupho Cha Cha"
• "LASPTY"
• "Grammar of Love"
• "Mitina Uthando"
• "Izinsuku Zokubukeka"
• "I-Sunstroke"
• "Impilo Arseneva"
• "ICaucasus"
• "Ama-Sollys Amnyama"
• "I-Cold Autumn"
• "Izinombolo"
• "Hlanza uMsombuluko"
• "Cerform centine Elagina"