Nikolai Gumulev - Biography, Zithunzi, Moyo Wanu, ndakatulo ndi Mabuku

Chiphunzitso

Nikolai gumulev, omwe ndakatulo zawo zidachotsedwa ntchito chaka chachiwiri cha 1920s, chinali chifanizo cha orikiti omwe amakhulupirira moona mtima omwe mawu aluso sakanatha kungosokoneza malingaliro a anthu, komanso kusintha zenizeni.

Kuchita za nthano za m'badwo wasiliva kudadalira motsogozedwa ndi dziko lapansi, momwe lingaliro la chikondwerero cha Mzimu lidafunikira kwambiri. Pa moyo wonse, wokonzeka kudalira modekha, movutikira kovuta pa chifukwa chimodzi chosavuta: Pokhapokha pokhapokha ziyembekezo za ndakatulo ndi zotayika kwa wolemba ndakatuloyo adazidzoza.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

Pa Epulo 3, 1886, Stepan Yavlevich Gumwov ndi mkazi wake Anna Ivanovna adabadwa mwana wamwamuna, yemwe adatchedwa Nikolai. Banja limakhala ku doko la doko la Koronstadt, ndipo atasiya kwa mutu wa banja (1895), adasamukira ku St. Petersburg. Ali mwana, wolemba anali mwana wopweteka kwambiri: mutu wa tsiku lililonse unabweretsa Nicholas ku Frenzy, ndipo chidwi chochulukirachulukira, chimanunkhira ndi zonunkhira zinapangitsa kuti moyo wake ukhale wosakhwima.

Pakuchulukitsa, mnyamatayo adasokonekera kwathunthu pamlengalenga ndipo nthawi zambiri amanyengerera kumva. Nyengo Yake yolemba idadzionetsera ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kenako analemba ma nthito ake oyamba "amakhala Niagara." Nikolai adafika ku Tsarsko akugulitsa masewera olimbitsa thupi kumapeto kwa 1894, koma adaphunzira kumeneko miyezi ingapo. Chifukwa cha malingaliro ake opweteka, kugundana kwambiri kunanyozedwa mobwerezabwereza pa mbali ya anzanu. Pofuna kuti musamuvulaze mwana ndi psyche yosakhazikika ya mwana, makolo omwe amachokera kuchichimo anali kutali ndi mwana wake kunyumba kukaphunzira.

1900-190303 Banja la zigawenga lomwe limakhala ku Tiflis. Pamenepo, ana a Stesan ndi Anna anakonza chiwongola. M'mayiko aphunzitsi a komweko, komwe ndakatulo idaphunzitsidwa, ndakatulo yake idasindikizidwa "ndidathawira ku nkhalango kumizinda ...". Pakapita kanthawi, banjalo linabwerera mumufumu wachifumu. Kumene Nikolai anayambiranso kuphunzira ku masewera olimbitsa thupi. Sanatengedweke kuti asakhale olondola kapena sayansi ya anthu. Kenako kugundana ndi ntchito ya Neeetzche ndikukhala nthawi yonse yowerenga ntchito yake.

Chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri, Nicholas anayamba kubisa kwambiri pulogalamuyo. Ndi zoyesayesa za woyang'anira masewera olimbitsa thupi - wolemba ndakatulo - Denaudener I.F. Annensky - Gumilevy Vals a 1906 adakwanitsa kukhwima. Chaka chisanachitike, buku loyamba la ndakatulo la Nicholas "logonjetsidwa" linasindikizidwa pamaziko a makolo.

Malembo

Pambuyo pa mayeso, wolemba ndakatuloyo adapita ku Paris. Mu likulu la France, adapita ku nkhani zotsutsika ku Sarbonnene ndipo adakonza zowonetsera zojambula. Kudzikoli kwa wolemba Martimalle Prousta Gumilev adasindikiza magazini ya malembawo "Sirius" (zipinda zitatu zidatuluka). Chifukwa cha Bruluv Gumilev, ndinali ndi mwayi wodziwa bwino jivepi, ndipo ndi Merezhkovsky, ndi yoyera. Poyamba, ambuye anali kukayikira ntchito ya Nicholas. Ndakatulo "Androgin" adathandizira ogwira ntchito ojambula ojambula kuti awone anzeru a Gumlov ndikusintha mkwiyo kuti achitireni chifundo.

Mu Seputembara 1908, zinthu zinayenda bwino ku Egypt. M'masiku oyambilira akupita kudziko lina, adadzipangitsa yekha kuti akhale alendo: kusanthula zomwe zawonedwa, adaphunzira chikhalidwe cha mafuko akumaloko ndikugula mumtsinje wa kumangidwa. Ndalama zitatha, wolemba adayamba kufa ndi njala ndipo adakhala mumsewu. Modabwitsa, koma zovuta izi sizinapulumutse wolemba mulimonse. Kugona kudapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino. Pobwerera kudziko lakwawo, adalemba ndakatulo zingapo ("photo", "Yaguar", "Giraf", "Tosi", "sitima".

Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa, koma zaka zingapo zapitazo ulendowu usanachitike, adapanga ndakatulo yotchedwa "atsogoleri". Kuzungulira komwe kunaphatikizapo ntchito zinayi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa lingaliro lonse laulendo. Ludzu la ndemanga zatsopano lidakankhira ku Gumlov kupita kumpoto kwa Russia. Panthawi ya chibwenzi ndi mzinda wa Bedomatolo (1904) pakamwa pa mkamwa mwa mtsinjewo, wolemba ndakatulo adawona kuti Hieroglyphs adasemedwa pamwala. Anali wotsimikiza kuti adapeza buku la miyala ya miyala, lomwe, monga amakhulupirira, linali ndi chidziwitso choyambirira cha dziko.

Kuchokera pamawu otembenukirawo, Gundiler adamva kuti wolamulira wa pible adayikidwa pachilumba cha mwana wamkazi wa Germany, ndi mwana wamkazi wa Russian - Mkazi. Mothandizidwa ndi Emperor Cumilev, adakonza zopendekera ku Demopelago, komwe adatsegula manda akale. Pamenepo anapeza "chimbudzi" chapadera.

Malinga ndi nthano, Nikolai Chachiwiri adalandira mwayi wopeza umwini wa bellerina matilde Ksuhenskaya Ksusuinskaya. Asayansi akusonyeza kuti chisa chikufikabe mu cache ya KShelin ku St. Petersburg. Atangochokapo, chipwirikiti cha wolemba wokhala ndi wofufuza mwachisawawa wa kontinent - Maphunziro a Maphunziroyo mwamphamvu radlov. Wolemba ndakatuloyo adakwanitsa kunyengerera asayansi kuti alembetse wothandizira wake ku Abyssinian.

MuFebruary 1910, paulendo wachisoni ku Africa, adabwerera kumudzi wa Royal. Ngakhale kuti kubweranso kwake kunachitika chifukwa cha matenda owopsa, kuyambira kale kutsika wakale kwa Mzimu ndi ndakatulo zankhondo kunalibe. Atamaliza kugwira ntchito yosonkhanitsa a ndakatulo "ngale", anapitanso ku Africa. Kuchoka paulendowu, adabweranso pa Marichi 25, 1911 mu libble ya ukhondo wokhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cham'madzi.

Anagwiritsa ntchito zojambula zojambulidwa kuti apangitse kulongedza, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pambuyo pa nyimbo za Abessinian, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa mu zosonkhanitsa "mwolera pakati". Pambuyo paulendo wopita ku Somalia, Mick Poem "adawona kuwalako.

Mu 1911, gulelv adakhazikitsa ndakatulo "shopu ya olemba ndakatulo ambiri" omwe adaphatikizapo oimira ambiri a Russia (Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Narbutsy). Mu 1912, Gumumov adalengeza za kutuluka kwamisiriti yatsopano - AQMEEMIS. Ndakatulo za AQmeistov Kugonjetsa chizindikiro, ndikubwezera zongopeka komanso luso la ndakatulo. M'chaka chomwecho, AEmeisists adatsegula nyumba yawo "Hyperboi" ndi magazini ya dzina lomweli.

Komanso kugundananso ngati wophunzira adalembetsa ku Yunivesite ya St. Petersburg pa dipatiloni ku dipatimenti yazambiri ndi Phillogy, komwe adaphunzira ndakatulo za nyenyezi za nyenyezi.

Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idawononga mapulani onse omwe adalemba - Gumilev idapita kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha kulimba mtima, kuwonetsedwa mu nthawi yankhondo, idakwezedwa kumbali ya Office, ndipo adapereka mitanda iwiri. Pambuyo pa chisinthiko, wolembayo adadzipereka. Mu Januwale 1921, Nikolai Stepatovich adakhala dipatonky dipandol of the Petrogyky Union of the Wor-Russia, ndipo mu Ogasiti a chaka chomwecho, Matra adamangidwa ndikulowa m'ndende.

Moyo Wanu

Mkazi woyamba - Anna Akhotov - wolemba adakumana mu 1904 pa mpira woperekedwa kwa Isitala. Panthawiyo, mnyamata wina wofunitsitsa anayesa kutsanzira fano la Oskar Hidio: Amavala silinda, amapindika tsitsi lake komanso pang'ono pang'ono. Kasitomala patatha chaka chimodzi mwanzake, adapanga gawo lokondweretsa la pempholi ndipo adalandira kukana, adalowa kukhumudwa kopanda chiyembekezo.

Kuchokera pa mbiri yakale ya zaka zasiliva, zimadziwika kuti chifukwa cha kulephera pa chikondi kutsogolo, wolemba ndakatulo kawiri adayesetsa kuchepetsa zambiri ndi moyo. Kuyesa koyamba kunaperekedwa ndi khonde lachilendo kwambiri. Phiri la Cavalier adapita ku Spaland City of Spavil, komwe adakonzekera kukhala Droking. Zolinga za otsutsa sizinachitike: zotsalazo zivomerezedwera ku Vaga, zotchedwa apolisi, wolembayo adapita kunjirayo.

Uzrev Polephera Kusayina, adalemba kalata ya Akhmatova, pomwe adamulowetsa. Anna anayankhanso motsutsa. Phiri launyolo adapha, adaganiza zomaliza: Adavomera poizoni ndikudikirira kufa kupita ku nkhalango ya Boulogo ku Paris. Kuyesako kunasandutsanso chidwi chofuna kuchita zoipa: Kenako thupi lake linatola nkhalango zochenjeza.

Kumapeto kwa 1908, Gumulev anabwerera kudziko lakwawo, komwe anapitiliza kukafunafuna komwe achinyamata anali. Zotsatira zake, munthu wokhazikika adalandira ukwati. Mu 1910, banjali lidakwatirana ndikupita kuulendo waukwati kupita ku Paris. Kumeneko, olembawo anali ndi katswiri wamkuntho wokhala ndi luso la Amenioo Modiglian. Nikolay, kuti asunge banjali, akuumiriza kubwerera ku Russia.

Chaka chobadwa kwa Mwana wa Mkango (1912-1992), zovuta zidachitika mu maubale a okwatirana: kupanda chidwi ndi kuzizira kunayamba kulowa m'malo opembedza mopanda tanthauzo ndi chikondi chonse. Pomwe Anna kudera la anthu adapereka chizindikiro cha olemba achinyamata, Nikolai adafufuzanso kudzoza kumbali.

Mu zaka zimenezo, osewera a Meyer Aattel olga vystsuya adakhala nkhani ya wolemba. Achinyamata adakumana kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1912 pa chikondwerero cha chikumbutso cha Konstantin Balmon, ndipo mu 1913 mwana wa Gumaintin adawonekera padziko lapansi - orer, zomwe wolemba ndakatuloyo sanadziwe.

Polarity mu mawonekedwe a chikondi adatsogolera kuti mu 1918 Ahmatov ndi Gumulev adasweka. Ndinamasulidwa ndi maulendo a banja, wolemba ndakatulo adakumana ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri - Anna Nikolaevna Engelgardt. Ndi wolemekezeka wolemekezeka, wolemba adakumana ndi nkhani za Brucedov.

Anthu a Pulossiika ankakondwereranso kutsuka kwambiri kwa mtsikanayo. Malinga ndi Vevolod, Khrisimasi, Nicholas Ikani kumapeto, opanda malingaliro onse oweruza. Wophunzira wa wolemba Irina Odointev ananena kuti wamkulu wa Matra sanangowoneka bwino, komanso chifukwa cha chitukuko chowoneka ngati mtsikana wazaka 14. Mkazi wa wolemba ndi mwana wake wamkazi Elena adamwalira ndi njala panthawi yoledzera ya Leingrad. Anthu oyandikana nawo adauza kuti Anna sakanatha kuchoka kufooka, ndipo makoswe adadyako kwa masiku angapo.

Imfa

Pa Ogasiti 3, 1921, wolemba ndakatulo adamangidwa ngati wothandizirana ndi ziweto za Anti-Bolshevik chiwembu "gulu lankhondo la Petrogrance V. N. Tagansev". Anzake ndi abwenzi a wolemba (Mikhatoly Lonunsky, Nikolai Onup) anali kuyesa pachabe kuti akonzenso Nikolai Stesatovich m'maso mwa utsogoleriwo ndikuwapulumutsa kundende. Mnzake wapamtima wa mtsogoleri wa World Proletiariatiariat Maxim Gorky sanathenso: koma Vladirir Isich adakhalabe wokhulupirika ku lingaliro lake.

Pa Ogasiti 24, kutanthauzira kwa Petrogrard Gubbf za kuphedwa kwa omwe adayambitsa chiwembu "(anthu 56 okha) adasindikizidwa, ndipo pa Seputembara 1, 1921, Mndandanda wa Pembeli Gumulev anali khumi ndi zitatu.

Wolemba ndakatuloyo adagwira ntchito yake yomaliza muakale, yomwe yazunguliridwa ndi unyamata wake wachinyamata. Patsiku lomwe wolemba, wolemba, mwachizolowezi, anaimirira ndi ophunzira pambuyo pa nkhani zopitilira pakati pausiku. Obisalirayo adakonzedwa ku nyumba ya Prosmaik, yomwe amayi sakanadziwa za zomwe mayi sakanadziwa.

Atamangidwa m'ndende m'makalata omwe anakambidwa kwa mkazi wake, wolemba adamutsimikizira pazomwe sizinada nkhawa ndi chiyani, ndipo adamupempha kuti amutumize Tomaclo ndi fodya. Asanafike ku Gumilev adalemba pakhoma la kamera:

"Ambuye, ndikhululukirenitsemphana, ndikupita panjira yomaliza."

Pambuyo pazaka 70 kuchokera pamene adamwalira ndi ndakatulo yotchuka, zida zotsimikizira kuti chiwembuli zidapangidwa ndi NkvD Officer Yakov Agranov. Chifukwa chakusowa kwaupandu mu 1991, wolemba adatsekedwa mwadongosolo.

Zosadziwika, komwe wolemba adayikidwa. Kuchokera pamawu a mzimayi wakale wa Ahdatova, manda ake ali mkati mwa mzinda wa Vevovolozhsk pafupi ndi ma celrodist pa ufa wa polygon. Ili komweko m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Lobya, ndipo kufikira lero pali mtanda wosaiwalika.

Zakale za zilembo za m'zaka za zana lasiliva zasungidwa mu ndakatulo komanso pazakale. Mu 2007, woimbayo Nikolai SOSKOV adalemba zolemba za wojambulajambula "modzitila ..." Chikondi ", chomwe chidalipo. .

M'bali

• "Don Juan ku Egypt" (1912);
• "Masewera" (1913);
• "Aktoon" (1913);
• "Zolemba za Cavalana" (1914-1915;
• "Wall General" (1917);
• "Gonda" (1917);
• "Mwana Allah Mulungu" (1918);
• "Moyo ndi Thupi" (1919);
• "Wachichepere" (1902);
• "Pamakoma a nyumba yopanda kanthu ..." (1905);
• "Kwa nthawi yayitali, mtima unandivuta ..." (1917);
• "Zowopsa" (1907);
• "Sindimakhala maluwa ..." (1910);
• "GLOVOVI" (1907);
• "SKEY - sanachite bwino kwambiri" (1917);
• "Caldong" (1918);
• "Nthawi zina ndimakhala wachisoni ..." (1905);
• "Mabingu usiku ndi mdima" (1905);
• "M'chipululu" (1908);
• "Usiku ku Africa" ​​(1913);
• "Chikondi" (1907)