Nikolai Gumilev - Biography, Mapikicha, Hupenyu Hwako, Nhetembo uye Mabhuku

Biography

Nikolai Gumilev, ane nhetembo dzaaderedzwa kubva pakurapwa kwegore rechipiri re1920s The Theoristhi vakatenda kuti izwi remazano aisakwanisa kungopesvedzera pfungwa dzevanhu, asi zvakare kushandura chokwadi chakapoteredza.

Iko kugona kweiyo ngano yezera resirivheri zvakananga kwaitsamira paWorldview Kwake, umo zano rekupemberera kwemweya pamusoro penyama yaive basa rakakura. Muupenyu hwese, kubudirira kwakadzivana nemaune mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, panguva yakaoma chaizvo, panguva yekuparadzwa kwetariro uye kurasikirwa kudetembi kwakazopindurwa kwechokwadi.

Hudu uye Vechidiki

Musi waApril 3, 1886, Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilyv nemukadzi wake Anna Ivanovib akaberekerwa mwanakomana, akatumidzwa zita rekuti Nikolai. Mhuri yaigara muguta rePort reKronstadt, uye mushure mekurega basa remusoro wemhuri (1895), vakatamira kuSt. Semwana, munyori aive mwana anorwadziwa kwazvo: Misoro yemazuva ese yakaunza nicholas kusvika kuFrenzy, uye kuwedzera kunzwa kurira, kunhuhwirira uye zvinonhuwira uye zvinonhuwira zvakaita kuti hupenyu hwake huve husinga arege kushaiwa simba.

Munguva yekuwedzera, mukomana aive akashatiswa zvachose munzvimbo uye kazhinji achinyengerera kunzwa. Kunyora kwake hunyanzvi kwakazviratidza pazera ramakore matanhatu. Akazonyora yake yekutanga Quatrain "airarama niagara." Nikolai akasvika muTsarsko Siyac Gymnasium mukudonha kwa 1894, asi akadzidza ipapo mwedzi yakati wandei. Nekuda kwemaonero ake anorwadza, Gumilev akadzokorora kuiswa pasi pekuseka kune vezera. Kuti varege kukuvadza mwana uye kusagadzikana psyche yemwana, vabereki vanobva kuchivi vakanga vasipo kubva kuMwanakomana wavo kuenda kumba kudzidza kumba.

1900-1903 Mhuri yeGumilev inoshandiswa muTiflis. Ikoko, ivo vanakomana vaStecan naAnna vakagadzirisa hutano. Munzvimbo yedzidzo yemuno, apo mudetembi akadzidziswa, nhetembo yake yakabudiswa "ndatizira kudondo kubva kumaguta ...". Mushure mechinguva, mhuri yakadzokera kumisha yehumambo. Ikoko Nikolai akatangazve kudzidza mumitambo yekurovedza muviri. Izvo hazvina kutakurwa kusakakapo pasina sainzi yehunyanzvi. Ipapo Gumilev akange ainyanya kufunga nezvebasa reNietzsche uye akapedza nguva yese yekuverenga basa rake.

Nekuda kwekutanga zvakarongeka zvekutanga, Nicholas akatanga kubereka kuseri kwechirongwa ichi. Chete kuedza kwemutungamiriri weGymnasium - iyo nhetembo-decadener i.fm Annensky - Gumilev mune chitubu che1905 yakakwanisa kuwana gwaro rekukura. Mwaka usati waitika nyaya, bhuku rekutanga revahetembo dzeNlohemasi "nzira yevanokunda" rakabudiswa pahwaro hwevabereki.

Mabhuku

Mushure mekubvunzurudza, mudetembi akaenda kuParis. Muguta guru reFrance, akashanyira hurukuro dzekunyorova mukushoropodzwa kweScobonne uye akazadzikiswa pakuratidzira kwependi. Mumusha wehondo yeMunyori Marseille prousta gumilev yakaburitsa magazini yekuverenga, "Sirius" (makamuri matatu akabuda). Kutenda kuBryusov Gumilev, ini ndanga ndine rombo rakanaka kuti ndizive Hippius, uye naMerezhkovsky, uye nechena. Pakutanga, vatenzi vaive vasina chokwadi nezvebasa reNicholas. Nhetembo "Androinin" akabatsira vanoziva vashandi vemuimbi kuti vaone zvinyorwa zveGumilov uye vanoshandura kutsamwa kunonzwira tsitsi.

MunaSeptember 1908, Prosper akaenda kuIjipita. Mumazuva ekutanga ekugara kunze kwenyika, akazvitungamira senhapwa, akaongorora meso, akadzidza tsika yemadzinza emuno uye akatenga muNile. Mari payakapera, munyori akatanga kufa nenzara uye akapedza husiku mumugwagwa. Zvinotyisa, asi izvi zvinonetsa hazvina kusunungura munyori munzira chero ipi zvayo. Kunyepa kwakakonzera kusarudzika kwemanzwiro mazviri. Pakudzokera kumusha kwake, akanyora nhetembo dzinoverengeka nenhau

Vashoma vanhu vanoziva, asi makore mashoma rerwendo rurwendo, akasika kutenderera nhetembo inonzi "vatungamiriri". Iyo kutenderera yaive nemabasa mana ayo akabatanidza pfungwa yese yekufamba. Nyota yezvinhu zvitsva zvinodhonza zvakasundidzirwa gumolov kusvika pakudzidza kweRussia kuchamhembe. Munguva yekufambidzana neguta reBelomorsky (1904) Mumuromo weRwizi, mudetembi akaona hieroglyph yakavezwa padanda. Aive nechokwadi chekuti akawana bhuku reruzivo rwemabwe, maererano nekutenda, yaive neruzivo rwekutanga rwenyika.

Kubva pane rugwaro rwakashandurwa, Gumilev akadzidza kuti mutongi wemabhawa akavigwa pachitsuwa cheimba yeGerman yemwanakomana wake nemwanasikana, uye pachitsuwa chemuviri weRussia - mukadzi. Nekubatsira kwamambo Gumilev, akaronga rwendo kumuviri wamakumbo, kwaakazarura guva rekare. Ikoko akawana "hyperborean" muzinga.

Zvinoenderana nengano, Nikolai yechipiri yakapa tsvaga kune muridzi weBallerina Matilde Ksesinsaya. Masayendisiti anoratidza kuti muzinga uchiri kunyepa mu cache of kshesin's mantion muStrersburg. Nguva pfupi mushure mekubuda, iko kwekupedzisira kwemunyori nekufananidzira kweiyo fanaticcher yeiyo dema Continent - edzidzo Vasily Radlov. Mudetembi akakwanisa kunyengerera kuti Etanologist kunyoresa mubatsiri wake mukubuda kwakaita nesimba.

MunaFebruary 1910, mushure mekufamba-famba kuenda ku Africa, akadzokera kumusha wehumambo. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti kudzoka kwake kwakakonzerwa nechirwere chine ngozi, kubva pakuderera kweiyo nhetembo uye nhetembo decadent pakanga pasina chekutsvaga. Sezvo ndapedza kushanda muunganidzwa wenhetembo "maparera", prose akaenda zvakare kuAfrica. Kubva parwendo, akadzoka musi waKurume 25, 1911 mune yehunhu yemuti ane chirwere chekupisa.

Akasimbisa kurekodha kwekugadzira kwekugadzira kwezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa, izvo zvakazoitika nziyo dzeshungu dzesimba, dzakabatanidzwa muunganidzwa "Alien Denga". Mushure merwendo kuenda kuSomalia, nhetembo yeAfrica "monica" akaona mwenje.

Muna 1911, Gumilev akatanga "shopu yemumaheti", ayo aisanganisira vamiriri vazhinji veiyo bhuku reRussia (Osip mandelstam, vladimir Narbasi, Sergey Goroodets). Muna 1912, Gumiligov akazivisa kubuda kweiyo mhizha yehunyanzvi - Aqmeism. Nhetembo dzeAQMEISTOV yakanyanyisa chiratidzo, kudzorera kudzika uye kusarongeka kwechimiro chechitunha. Mugore rimwe chetero, aqmeiver akavhura imba yavo yekuburitsa "hyperbordi" uye magazini yezita rimwe chete.

Zvakare guumilev semudzidzi akanyoreswa muUniversity of St. Petersburg pane iyo nhoroondo yedzidzo uye yePhilology, kwaakadzidza nhetembo dzidziso.

Hondo yenyika yekutanga yakaparadza zvirongwa zvese zvemunyori - Gumilev akaenda kumberi. Zvekushinga, kuratidzwa munguva yekuvigira, akakwidziridzwa kunzvimbo yemukuru uye akapa maviri George kuyambuka. Mushure mekuchinja, munyori anopa zvizere zviitiko zvekunyora. MunaJanuary 1921, Nikolai Stepanovich akabata Sachigaro weDhipatimendi rePetrogration Of The Russian Courtment reMubatanidzwa, uye muna Nyamavhuvhu weGore rimwe chete, Meta akasungwa uye akapinda muchirimo.

Hupenyu Hwako

Mukadzi wekutanga - Anna Akhmatov - Munyori akasangana muna 1904 pane bhora rakatsaurwa kumhemberero yeIsita. Panguva iyoyo, jaya rakashambadzirwa rakaedza kutevedzera chidhori chake Oskar Wilde: Akapfeka silinda, akakanda bvudzi rake uye akatinongedza miromo yake zvishoma. Akagara achizivana naye, akagadzira chikamu chekuratidzira uye, agamuchira kuramba, akanyungudika mukushungurudzika kwetariro.

Kubva pane biography yezita rezana reGirita reGirl, rinozivikanwa kuti nekuda kwekutadza kurudo rwemberi, mudetembi kaviri akaedza kuderedza zviyero nehupenyu. Kuedza kwekutanga kwakapihwa neyezviyo zvekutengesa piriviri Peculiar kune zvinyoro. Gomo reGomo reKavaeri rakaenda kuguta reSpa reTirvil, kwaakaronga kuti riwedzere kuhukura. Zvirongwa zvezvekutsoropodza hazvina kufanira kuti chizadziswe

Uzrev mukutadza kwake kusaina, prose yakanyorwa tsamba yeAkhmatova, iyo yaakamugadzirira zvakare. Anna akaverenga zvakare nehuramba. Gomo reHukoti akaurayiwa, akafunga kupedzisa kutanga: Akabvuma muchetura uye akaenda akamirira rufu kune iyo boulogown sango reParis. Kuedza zvakare kushandura kuda kwake kunonyadzisa: Ipapo muviri wake wakanangana nemasango akasvinura.

Pakupera kwa1908, Gumilev akadzokera kumusha kwake, kwaakaramba achitsvaga nzvimbo yenhamba diki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mukomana akaramba achiwana mvumo yekuroora. Muna 1910, vaviri vacho vakanga vakaroora uye vakaenda ku rwendo rwe remuchato kuenda kuParis. Ikoko, vanonyora vaine dutu remhepo rine artist amedeo modigliani. Nikolay, kuitira kuti achengetedze mhuri, akasimbirira kudzokera kuRussia.

Gore mushure mekuzvarwa kweMwanakomana weShumba (1912-1992), dambudziko rakaitika muhukama hwevakaroorana: kusava nehanya uye kutonhora kwakauya kusimbisa kusavimbika uye-kutyaira rudo. Paainna mumatare ekunyika akapa zviratidzo zvekutarisa kune vanyori vechidiki, Nikolai akatsvagawo kukurudziro padivi.

Mumakore iwayo, mutambi weMeender theatre Olga Vysotskaya akava iye nyaya yemunyori. Vechidiki vakasangana mukudonha kwa1912 pamhemberero yeKurinstin Balmont, uye muna 1913 mwanakomana waGumileva akaonekwa pasi - kuvapo kweiyo mudetembi haana kuzomboonekwa.

Polarity murudo maonero akatungamira kuchokwadi chekuti muna 1918 Ahmatov uye gumilev akarambana. Ini handina kusunungurwa kubva pamisungo yehupenyu hwemhuri, mudetembi akasangana nemukadzi wake wechipiri - Anna Nikolaevna Engellgardt. Nenhaka yenhaka, munyori akasangana nemitauro yaBruceiV's.

Vakararama panguva inopemberera kupopoteredzwa kwepfungwa. Sekureva kwaVSevolod, Kisimusi, Nicholas akaiisa mumugumo wakafa, asina musoro wekutonga. Mudzidzi weMunyori Irina Odointev akataura kuti mukuru weMatra haana chete kutaridzika, asiwo nekukura kwacho kwaiita kunge musikana ane makore gumi nematatu. Mukadzi wemunyori nemwanasikana wake Elena akafa nzara panguva yekuvharirwa kweLeningrad. Vavakidzani vakaudza kuti Ana akatadza kubva pakusava nesimba, uye makonzo akadya kwemazuva akati wandei.

Rufu

Musi wa3 Nyamavhuvhu 1921, mudetembi akasungwa sechinhu chakaitwa neanti-Bolshevik Kurangana "petrogram yemauto V. N. NT. Taganeval". Vafambikwani neshamwari dzeMunyori (Mikhail Lozinsky, Nikolai Lunacharsky, Nikolai Otsap) aiyedza pasina kuti agadzirise Nikolai Stepanovich mumaziso ehutungamiri wenyika uye anokununura kubva mukubatira. Shamwari yepedyo yemutungamiriri weWorld Proletariat Arel haina kugara zvakare: Akataura neLenin kaviri nechikumbiro cheGumilyv, asi Vladimir Ilyich akaramba akatendeka kune kwake sarudzo.

Musi waAugust 24, kusarudzwa kweGetrograd gubbf nezvekurangana kwe "Taganevsky Kurangana kwe" Taganevsky Kurangana "(munaSeptember 1, 1921, iyo yekuurayiwa 1, 1921, iyo yekuuraya. Gumilev aive wegumi nematatu.

Mudetembi uyu akabata manheru ake ekupedzisira mumuganhu wenyama, akakomberedzwa nejaya rake rouduku. Pazuva rekusungwa, munyori, semazuva ese, akamira nevadzidzi mushure mehurukuro uye akadzoka kumba kusvika pakati pehusiku. Vavari vakarongedzwa pamusara wefurati, izvo amai vaisakwanisa kuziva nezve izvo amai vaisakwanisa kuziva.

Pashure pokusungwa mune tsamba mune imwe tsamba yakanamirwa nemudzimai wake, munyori akamuvimbisa mune izvo zvisina kunetseka pamusoro pezveizvi, ndokumukumbira kuti atumire Tomik Plato nefodya. Usati waita gumilev akanyora pamadziro kamera:

"Ishe ngaviregerere kufanotaura kwangu, ini ndinopfuurira munzira yekupedzisira."

Mushure memakore makumi manomwe kubvira parufu rwetemberi yakakurumbira, zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti kurangana kwakange kwakarongeka neNKVD Officer Yako Ugranov Agranov. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemhosva muna 1991, munyori akafukidzwa zviri pamutemo.

Zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwe, uko munyori anovigwa. Kubva pamashoko omunhu aimbove mukadzi waProthen Ana ahmatova, guva rake riri mukati meguta reVSELOVHSK pedyo neBerngard Microsk kuPowder Cellar kuRzHevian Artillery Polygon Polygon Polygon. Riripo pamhenderekedzo yerwizi Loba, uye kusvikira nhasi kune muchinjiko wakaringana.

Nhaka yekunyora yeiyo ngano dzezana ramakore reSirl dzakachengetedzwa vari vaviri mune nhetembo uye mu prose. Muna 2007, muimbi Nikolai Soskov akaisa rugwaro rwetauro wetsiva ane mukurumbira wehunyanzvi uye akazivisa kuumbwa kwenyika "romance", iro riri gore rimwe chete iro clip rakapfurwa .

BHAIBHERI

• "Don Juan muIjipita" (1912);
• "Game" (1913);
• "Akteon" (1913);
• "Cavalary zvinyorwa" (1914-1915);
• "Dema dema" (1917);
• "Genda" (1917);
• "Mwana allah" (1918);
• "Mweya nemuviri" (1919);
• "Mudiki Franciscan" (1902);
• "Pamadziro eimba isina chinhu ..." (1905);
• "Nokuti kwenguva yakareba, mwoyo wakarwa ..." (1917);
• "Horror" (1907);
• "Ini handirarame maruva ..." (1910);
• "Glovive" (1907);
• "SKEY-isina kumbofungidzirwa kufungidzirwa" (1917);
• "Caldong" (1918);
• "Dzimwe nguva ndinosuwa ..." (1905);
• "Kutinhira husiku nerima" (1905);
• "Mugwenga" (1908);
• "Manheru eAfrica" ​​(1913);
• "Rudo" (1907)