UNikolai Gumilev - Biography, izithombe, impilo yomuntu siqu, izinkondlo nezincwadi

I-Biograge

UNikolai Gumilev, onikezwe izinkondlo zakhe ekwelashweni kwezemibhalo engxenyeni yesibili yawo-1920s, kwakungumfanekiso we-theorist wokubhala owakholelwa ngokweqiniso ukuthi iZwi lobuciko alikwazanga ukuthonya izingqondo zabantu, kodwa futhi nokuguqula iqiniso eliseduze.

Ubuqambi benganekwane yobudala besiliva kuncike ngqo ekubukeni kwaKho, lapho umbono wokugujwa komoya wenyama wawuyindima enkulu. Kuyo yonke impilo, uchuma ngamabomu ezimweni ezinzima, ezinzima eziqinile ngesizathu esisodwa esilula: Kuphela ngesikhathi sokulimala kwamathemba nokulahleka kwembongi kwafika ugqozi lweqiniso.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Ngo-Ephreli 3, 1886, uStepan Yakovlevich Gumilyev nomkakhe u-Anna Ivanovna bazalwa indodana, eyaqanjwa ngoNikolai. Lo mndeni uhlala ePort City of Kronstadt, kwathi ngemuva kokushiya ikhanda lekhanda lomndeni (1895), bathuthela eSt. Petersburg. Ngiseyingane, umlobi kwakuyingane ebuhlungu kakhulu: Ubuhlungu bezinsuku zansuku zonke baletha uNicholas ekulweni, futhi banwebeka ukuzwela kwemisindo, ukuhogela nokunambitheka kwenza impilo yakhe icishe ibekezeleleke.

Ngesikhathi sokuthethezeka, umfana wadideka ngokuphelele emkhathini futhi wayevame ukukhohlisa ukuzwa. Ubuhlakani bakhe bokubhala bazibonakalise eneminyaka eyisithupha. Wabe esebhala ama-quatrain akhe okuqala "waphila niagara." UNikolai ufike eTsarsko Sellic Gymnasium ekwindla ka-1894, kodwa wafunda lapho izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yombono wakhe obuhlungu, uGumilev waphinde wahlekwa usulu kakhulu kontanga. Ukuze ungalimazi ingane nengqondo engazinzile yengane, abazali besono babengekho kude nendodana yakhe baya ekhaya.

1900-1903 Umndeni waseGumilev uchithe eTiflis. Lapho, amadodana kaStepan no-Ana alungisa impilo. Esikhungweni sezemfundo sendawo, lapho imbongi iqeqeshwa khona, inkondlo yakhe yashicilelwa "ngabalekela ehlathini ngivela emadolobheni ...". Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umndeni ubuya edolobhaneni lasebukhosini. Lapho uNikolai waphinda wafunda efundeni. Akuzange kuthathwe ku-Scarience noma ezesabantu. Ngemuva kwalokho uGumilev waxakwa ngumsebenzi waseNietzsche futhi wachitha sonke isikhathi sokufunda umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngenxa yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlelwe ngokufanele, uNicholas waqala ukuncipha kakhulu ngemuva kohlelo. Kuphela ngemizamo yoMqondisi we-Gymnasium - imbongi - i.f. Ansensky - uGumilev entwasahlobo ka-1906 wakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi sokuvuthwa. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kwendaba, incwadi yokuqala yezinkondlo yaseNicholas "indlela yabanqobi" yashicilelwa ngesisekelo sabazali.

Into yokufunda

Ngemuva kwezivivinyo, imbongi yaya eParis. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, wahambela izinkulumo ngokugxekwa kwemibhalo eSorbonne futhi wayengumbhali emibukisweni yemidwebo. Ezweni lomlobi lomlobi uMarseille Priusta Gumilev washicilela iphephabhuku lezincwadi "Sirius" (amakamelo amathathu aphuma). Ngenxa yeBryusov Gumilev, nganginenhlanhla yokujwayelana neHippius, nangoMerezhkovsky, nangomhlophe. Ekuqaleni, amakhosi ayengabaza ngomsebenzi kaNicholas. Inkondlo ethi "Androgin" isize abaculi abaqasheli ukuthi babone ubuhlakani bezincwadi beGumilov futhi bashintsha intukuthelo ibe yisihe.

NgoSeptemba 1908, impumelelo yaya eGibhithe. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuhlala phesheya, wazihola njengesivakashi esivamile: wahlola izinto, wafunda isiko lezizwe zasendaweni wathenga eNayile. Lapho imali iphela, umlobi waqala wabulawa yindlala futhi wachitha ubusuku emgwaqweni. Ngokumangazayo, kepha lobu bunzima abungadingi umbhali nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ukuqamba amanga kudale kuphela imizwa emihle kuyo. Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, wabhala izinkondlo nezindaba eziningana ("rat", "Yaguar", "i-Giraff", "I-Hyena", "Leopard", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leadi", "Leard", "Leard", "Leard", "Leard", "Lead

Bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo, kepha iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kohambo, wadala umjikelezo wezinkondlo obizwa nge- "Pithuli". Umjikelezo wawunemisebenzi emine ehlanganisa umqondo wonke wokuhamba. Ukomela ukuvela okusha kuphoqe iGumilov esifundweni saseRussia enyakatho. Ngesikhathi sokuthandana nomuzi waseBelomorsky (1904) emlonyeni womfula, imbongi yabona ama-hieroglyphs aqoshwe emthambekeni wamatshe. Wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi wayithola incwadi yamatshe edume, okuyinto, ngokwezikholo, iqukethe ulwazi lokuqala lomhlaba.

Ngombhalo ohunyushiwe, uGumilev wezwa ukuthi umbusi wengubo wangcwatshwa esiqhingini somzimba waseJalimane wendodana yakhe nendodakazi yakhe, nasesiqhingini somzimba waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi waseRussia - unkosikazi. Ngosizo lukaMbusi Gumilev, wahlela uhambo lokuya emzimbeni we-Archipelago, lapho avula khona ithuna lasendulo. Lapho, wathola ikamu elihlukile le- "Hyperbororean".

Ngokwe-legend, isiBikolai sesibili sanikela ngokutholwa kobunikazi beBallerina Maillde Kshesinskaya. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi ikamu lisalele kunqolobane ye-Kshesin's Manion eSt. Petersburg. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokukhishwa, isiphetho somlobi onomcwaningi we-fanatical wezwekazi elimnyama - i-academian vasily radlov. Imbongi ikwazile ukuncenga udokotela wezifolologiyo ukuthi abhalise umsizi wakhe ekuhambeni kwa-Abyssinian.

NgoFebhuwari 1910, ngemuva kohambo lwesihloko esiya e-Afrika, wabuyela edolobhaneni lasebukhosini. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukubuya kwakhe kwabangelwa yisifo esiyingozi, kusukela ekuwohlokeni kwangaphambili komoya nezinkondlo zokubekisa kwakungekho mkhondo. Njengoba sesiqedile ukusebenza ekuqoqweni kwezinkondlo "amapharele", isibopho saphinde saya e-Afrika. Kusukela ohambweni, wabuya ngoMashi 25, 1911 ecaleni lokuhlaselwa yindawo yokuhlaselwa okushisayo.

Usebenzise ukuqoshwa okuphoqelelwe ukucubungula kokudala kokuvela okuqoqwe, okwakuholela ngemuva kwezingoma zakwa-Abysssian, ezifakiwe eqoqweni elithi "Isibhakabhaka Sezingaziwayo". Ngemuva kohambo oluya eSomalia, inkondlo yase-Afrika "UMick" wabona ukukhanya.

Ngo-1911, uGumilev wasungula "isitolo sezimbongi", esasihlanganisa nabamele abaningi be-beaumd yeRussia (OSIP Mandelstam, uVladimir Narbut, uSergey Goredetsky). Ngo-1912, uGumilyev wamemezela ukuvela kokugeleza okusha kwezobuciko - Aqme. Izinkondlo ze-Aqmeistov zehlula isibonakaliso, zibuyisa ukuqina kanye namahhanisi wesakhiwo sezinkondlo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ama-Aqmeist avule indlu yawo yokushicilela "Hyperbora" kanye nomagazini wegama elifanayo.

Futhi uGumilev njengomfundi wabhaliswa e-University of St. Petersburg eMnyangweni Omlando NePhilology, lapho afunda khona izinkondlo ze-Starofranzuz.

Impi yezwe yokuqala yabhubhisa yonke amapulani omlobi - uGumilev waya phambili. Ngesibindi, kuboniswe ngesikhathi sazo, waphakanyiswa esikhundleni sesikhulu futhi wanikeza iziphambano ezimbili zikaGeorge. Ngemuva kwenguquko, umlobi wanikela ngokuphelele imisebenzi yemibhalo. NgoJanuwari 1921, uNikolai Spanamanovich waba nguSihlalo woMnyango wePetrogradsky we-All-Russian Union of Poets, kwathi ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, uMatra waboshwa wangena esitokisini.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Umfazi wokuqala - u-Anna Akhmatov - umlobi wahlangana ngo-1904 ebholeni elinikezelwe emkhosini wePhasika. Ngaleso sikhathi, le nsizwa eyizithelo izame ukulingisa isithixo u-Oskar Wilde: Wagqoka isilinda, wagculisa izinwele zakhe waveza nezindebe zakhe kancane. Kakade ngonyaka emva konyaka, wenza ingxenye ebonakalayo yesiphakamiso futhi, lapho esethole ukwenqaba, kwafakwa ekucindezelekeni okungenathemba.

Ukusuka e-biography yenganekwane yekhulu lesiliva, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngenxa yokwehluleka othandweni lwangaphambili, imbongi kabili yazama ukunciphisa izikolo ngempilo. Umzamo wokuqala unikezwe i-porch yeshashalazi eyingqayizivele ukuze athobeke ngokuthobeka. I-Mount Cavalier yaya edolobheni le-turvil, lapho ahlela ukudonsa. Amacebo okugxekwayo awazange afezeke: Abaphumuli bamukela uNikolai waseVaga, obizwa ngamaphoyisa futhi, esikhundleni sokuya endleleni yokugcina, umlobi waya esizeni.

Uzrev ohambweni lokuhluleka kwakhe, umProse wabhala incwadi ye-Akhmatova, waphinda wamenza isipho. U-Ana waphinda waphendula ngokwenqaba. I-Mount Hutilev yabulawa, wanquma ukuqeda lokhu: wakwamukela ubuthi futhi wahamba walindele ukufa waya ehlathini laseBoulogo laseParis. Umzamo waphinda waguqula ilukuluku lakhe elihlazo; isidumbu sakhe sathathwa amahlathi axwayisayo.

Ekupheleni kuka-1908, uGumilev wabuyela ezweni lakubo, lapho aqhubeka nokufuna indawo yezenkondlo emincane. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu ophikelelayo wavuma ukushada. Ngo-1910, lo mbhangqwana washada waya kuhambo lomshado oluya eParis. Lapho, ababili ababili babenenoveli enesivunguvungu nomculi Amedeo Modigliani. UNikolay, ukuze kulondolozwe umndeni, wagcizelela ukubuyela eRussia.

Ngemuva konyaka ukuzalwa kweNdodana yeNgonyama (1912-1992), kwenzeke inhlekelele ebudlelwaneni bomshado: ukunganaki nokubanda kwafika ukuzothatha isikhundla sokudumisa okunemibandela kanye nothando oludlayo. Ngenkathi u-Ana emijikelezweni yezwe enikeza izimpawu zokunakwa kwababhali abasebasha, uNikolai naye wafuna ugqozi ohlangothini.

Ngaleyo minyaka, umlingisi we-Meyerhold Theatre olga vysotskaya waba icala lomlobi. Intsha yahlangana ekwindla ka-1912 lapho kugujwa kwesikhumbuzo sikaKonstantin Balmont, kwathi ngo-1913 indodana kaGumileva yavela emhlabeni - i-Orest, khona lapho imbongi engakaze itholakale khona.

Ukubukwa kothando kuholela ekutheni kwahlukana ngo-1918 noGumilev. Angikhululanga imijondolo yempilo yomndeni, imbongi yahlangana nonkosikazi wakhe wesibili - u-Anna Nikolaevna Engelgardt. Nge-Hereditary Onebleman, umlobi wahlangana nezinkulumo zezinkulumo zikaBruceo.

IPropaiarials Produarials yagubha ubuwula obukhulu bentombazane. Ngokusho kwe-vsevolod, christmas, uNicholas uyibeka ekugcineni efile, engenawo wonke umqondo wokwahlulela. Umfundi wombhali u-Irina Odiidev wathi inhloko ye-matra ayibonakali nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nentuthuko yabonakala iyintombazane eneminyaka engu-14. Unkosikazi wombhali nendodakazi yakhe u-Elena wabulawa yindlala ngesikhathi sokuvinjwa kweLeningrad. Omakhelwane batshele ukuthi u-Ana akakwazanga ukuvela ebuthakathakeni, futhi amagundane awadle izinsuku eziningana.

Ukushona

Ngo-Agasti 3, 1921, imbongi yaboshwa njengento ehambisana ne-anti-bolshevik uzungu "inhlangano yamasosha ePetrograd V. N. Tagasev". Ozakwabo kanye nabangane bombhali (uMikhail Lozinsky, i-Anatoly Lunacharsky, uNikolai Otsup) bezama ukuvuselela uNikolai Spanovich emehlweni obuholi bezwe futhi basindise ekuboshweni. Umngani osondelene nomholi wezwe uMaxim Gorky futhi akazange ahlale kude: Wakhuluma nge-lenin kabili ngesicelo sokuxolelwa kukaGumilyeov, kepha uVladimir Ilyich wahlala ethembekile esinqumweni sakhe.

Ngo-Agasti 24, isixazululo se-petrigrad Gubbf mayelana nokubulawa kwabahlanganyeli be- "Tagantevsky Concuriracy" (ngoSepthemba 1, 1921, uhlu lwe-Petrograadskaya Pravda, lapho uNikolai Pravda, lapho uNikolai UGumilev wayengo-shumishumi nantathu.

Imbongi yabamba ubusuku bakhe bokugcina emugqeni wokubhala, ezungezwe yintsha yakhe yobusha. Ngosuku lokuboshwa, umlobi, njengenjwayelo, wema nabafundi ngemuva kwezinkulumo wabuyela ekhaya kwaphezulu kwamabili. Ukuqashelwa kwahlelwa efulethini leProsuik, okuyinto umama ayengazi ukuthi umama angakwazi ngawo.

Ngemuva kokuboshwa esitokisini encwadini ebhekiswe kunkosikazi wakhe, umlobi wamqinisekisa kulokho obekungakhathazeki ngakho, futhi wamcela ukuba amthumelele uTomik Plato nogwayi. Ngaphambi kokukhipha uGumilev wabhala odongeni lwekhamera:

"Nkosi, thethelela okwandisiwe kwami, ngiya endleleni yokugcina."

Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-70 selokhu kwashona imbongi edumile, izinto zokwakha ezifakazela ukuthi uzungu lwalubhekwe ngokuphelele yi-NKVD Officer Yakov Agranov. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwecala ngo-1991, umlobi wavalwa ngokusemthethweni.

Akwaziwa ngokwengeziwe, lapho umlobi engcwatshwa khona. Kumazwi omfazi wangaphambilini ka-Anna Ahmatova, ithuna lakhe likhona ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseVsevolozhsk eduze kweBerrgard Microdistrict e-Rzhevian artillery polygon. Ilapho emabhange omfula uLobya, futhi kuze kube namuhla kukhona isiphambano esingalibaleki.

Ifa lokubhala lezinganekwane zekhulu lesiliva ligcinwe zombili izinkondlo nasekufeni. Ngo-2007, umculi uNikolai Soskov ubeka umbhalo wenkondlo womculi odumile wezobuciko "Monotonous ..." emculweni we-Anatoly Balchev futhi wembula umhlaba "romance", okungukuthi ngonyaka ofanayo isiqeshana sadutshulwa .

I-Bibliography

• "UDon Juan eGibhithe" (1912);
• "Umdlalo" (1913);
• "Akteon" (1913);
• "Amanothi amaCavalery" (1914-1915);
• "Black General" (1917);
• "Gonda" (1917);
• "Ingane Allah" (1918);
• "Umphefumlo nomzimba" (1919);
• "I-Francisnan encane" (1902);
• "Ezindongeni zendlu engenalutho ..." (1905);
• "Isikhathi eside kangaka, inhliziyo yalwa ..." (1917);
• "Ukwethuka" (1907);
• "Angihlali izimbali ..." (1910 (1910);
• "Igilavu" (1907);
• "Ukubonakaliswa okungakaze kubonwe kubonwe" (1917);
• "ICaldong" (1918);
• "Kwesinye isikhathi ngidabukile ..." (1905);
• "Ukuduma kwezulu nobusuku obumnyama" (1905);
• "Ehlane" (1908);
• "Night Night" (1913);
• "Uthando" (1907)