I-Biograge
U-Eric Erickson ungudokotela wezengqondo kanye ne-psychoanalystst, owafunda ukuthuthukiswa kwe-otogeneis futhi wathuthukisa umbono we-epigenetic wokuthuthukiswa kobuntu. Ungumnikazi wokudalwa kwegama elithi "inkinga kamazisi". Usosayensi wafezeka njenge-theorist kanye nodokotela, wafundisa ezikhungweni zemfundo ezihlonishwayo kanye namasu aholayo emitholampilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba ngumbhali wezincwadi ezisendleleni yephrofayili.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Eric Helburger Erickson wazalwa ngo-June 15, 1902 eFrankfurt am main futhi waba izithelo zokuxhumana okuyimfihlo kaCharles Abrahamsen kanye neDane YamaJuda. Ngalesi sikhathi, lona wesifazane wayeshade nomthengisi we-curvature waldemar salomonsen, ngakho-ke indodana yathola igama lakhe lokugcina.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi, uCharles uthweswe iziqu ezifundweni zomhlengikazi futhi wabalekela eKarlsruhe, lapho u-Erica ayebanjelwe khona. Ngo-1904, umama kamama wahlanganiswa nomshado nodokotela we-theodore anburger. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, ubaba otholwayo wamukela umntwana ngokusemthethweni. UCharles waphakamisa indodana yakhe emasikweni amaJuda.
Ukuvela komfana akuhambelani nobuzwe. Esikoleni senkolo samaJuda, abagibeli bamhlekisa ngezinwele ezimbi namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi esikoleni esijwayelekile wakukhuthazelela inhlekelele yenkolo. Ukuxubana okubumbana kwavusa izingxabano zangaphakathi, futhi le nsizwa yaqala ukucabanga ngokuzumayo kwayo.
Njenge-gymnasium, u-Eric wayethanda ubuciko, izilimi kanye nesayensi yokusiza abantu. Besifuna umzali wokutholwa wokuthi ekugcineni kwesikole wangena esikhungweni sezokwelapha, kodwa umphathi we-stepper waba umfundi we-Art School eMunich.
Ngokushesha le nsizwa yashiya izifundo zayo. Isikhathi esithile wahamba ezungeze iYurophu, evakashela idolobha laseJalimane ne-Italy enkampanini yengane yengane kaPeter Blos. U-Erickson uthole ukuthengiswa kwemidwebo, kodwa waqonda ukuthi wayengeke axhume ngokugcwele i-biography nge-ART. Ukubuyela eKarlsruhe, wamukela umnikelo we-blost ukuze athuthele eVienna futhi abe uthisha wokupenda esikoleni sendawo.
Ithalente labahamba ngezinyawo lomeluleki lilinganise ikhasimende elicebile elimqashe ukufundisa izingane. Amahemuhemu athi u-Erickson athola kahle izingane nentsha, ahamba esifundeni. Umeluleki waqala ukumema abanye abazali. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abangane u-Anna noSigmund Freud.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Eric Ericcon washada ngo-1930. Okhethiweyo wakhe kwakungumdansi nomdwebi ovela eCanada Joan Moweet Serson. Ukuqomisana umbhangqwana kwenzeka ebholeni. Unkosikazi wanikeza amadoda amadoda amabili nendodakazi. Ukuba semshadweni, isazi sezengqondo samukela ubuKristu.Lapho ngo-1933 kwacaca ukuthi ukuza kwePoll Adolf Hitler kufaka usongo lwamaNazi, u-Eric, kanye nomkakhe nezingane, baya eCopenhagen. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uqinisekise ukuba yisakhamuzi saseDenmark, ngakho-ke umndeni wathuthela e-United States, lapho lo mbuzo wawungeyena ubuqili kangako, kodwa kwaba lula ukwakha impilo yomuntu siqu.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, isazi sezengqondo sathatha igama lokugcina u-Erickson, igama lokugcina likaSchoochi laliyigama lesibili.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Lapho eneminyaka engu-25, u-Eric wajwayelana neThreud. Indodakazi ye-psychoanalyst anna yamsiza ukuba abe ngumlaleli wezinkulumo eVienna Psychoanalytic Institute. Le nsizwa yabamba iqhaza kwengqondo yezingane. Ngokufana, wafunda inqubo yaseMontessori, esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwengane nezinyathelo zoshintsho lwezocansi. Ngo-1933, isazi sezengqondo sathola idiploma.
Njengoba usuthuthele e-USA, u-Erickson waba yi-Psychoanalyst yokuqala eBoston. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza esibhedlela iMassachusetts, bese enkabeni yejaji umbhaki kanye neHarvard Medical School. Wayebuye abe ngudokotela wezengqondo wezengqondo. Ngo-1936, u-Ericik wanikeza isikhundla esikoleni sezokwelapha kanye nesikhungo sobudlelwano bezenhlalo eYale University. Ngaphezu kwe-psychoanalysis, umcwaningi wawubandakanyekile esifundweni sokuxhumeka kwe-anthropology kanye ne-psychology, exhumana nabamele abagunyaziwe bezinkomba zombili.
Ngo-1938, u-Erickson waphothula umsebenzi wakhe e-Yale waya eSouth Dakota ukuyobuka i-Nokia thribe, wabe esejwayelana namasiko esizwe se-jorce vource eCalifornia. Ukuqhathanisa izici zokuthuthuka kwezingane emiphakathini, udokotela wezengqondo uthole umehluko. Bashukumisela usosayensi ukuthi enze ucwaningo emkhakheni wethonya kwi-psyche yezehlakalo ezenzeka lapho ebusheni. Ngemuva konyaka, kanye nomndeni wakhe, u-Erickson wathuthela eCalifornia, lapho wajoyina iqembu le-Institute of Social Security Berkeley, ohlola ukukhula kwezingane. Wabuye wenza uSan Francisco.
Endaweni entsha, u-Eric wabuyiselwa kwi-Yurok Tribe futhi waqeda isifundo sesibili. Ngawo-1950s ashicilele incwadi ethi "Ubuntwana kanye Nomphakathi", owamlethela udumo. Kuchaze imicabango maqondana nezwe lobuntwana nethonya lomphakathi kuye. Ngawo lowo nyaka, usosayensi washiya izindonga zaseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia.
Esikhathini esizayo ngo-1951 kuya ku-1960, u-Eric Ericson wafundisa enkabeni ye-Austin Riggs futhi wasebenza nabantu abasha abangenamusa ngokomzwelo. Ngokufana, wakhuluma e-University of Pittsburgh njengoprofesa omenyiwe. Ngo-1958, kwanyathelisa incwadi ngososayensi obizwa ngokuthi "umncane omncane".
Ukubuyela eHarvard ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960s, waba nesikhundla sikaProfesa kuze kube yi-1970s. Ngo-1968, incwadi ka-Erikson "Ingubani: Intsha nenkinga" yaphuma. Ngo-1973, umcwaningi wenza njengomfundi eJefferson Lecture futhi wathola umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu we-United States kusuka kwiNational Sonitaritance Foundation.
Usosayensi waba negalelo elikhulu ku-psychology. Ukuthatha umbono kaFreud, akazange agxile emcabangweni wobudlelwano bezingane nabazali, futhi waba nesithakazelo kumuntu oseSahlukweni. Umbono wakhe wokuthuthuka kobuntu okwabiwe ukwakheka kwengqondo hhayi ngezigaba ezi-5, kodwa ngezigaba eziyi-8 zomjikelezo wempilo. Ngaphezu kwezigaba ezichazwe nguFreud, ezinye izinkathi ezi-3 zomuntu omdala zivele emjondolo.
Ukuphikisana ngokudideka umazisi, u-Erickson wadala isikhathi esilandelayo sezigaba zokuthuthuka: ngomlomo, ama-muscular-anal, i-locomotive-tenorital, intsha, intsha), ukuvuthwa okuphakathi nendawo, ukuguga).
Wanamathisela ukubaluleka okukhulu e-Ego, ekholelwa ukuthi umazisi wakhe uvumela umuntu ngamunye ukuba abe yisilokazi. Ukuhlanekezela Indima kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi isihloko kungenzeka senzeke njengelungu lomphakathi. Umcwaningi wayekholelwa ukuthi imvelo ithinta kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwengane, ukwakheka kokuzibona nokuzazi. I-ego ibhebhethekile ngokuvumelana nemvelo, ukukhula komuntu kanye nokusebenza, ukuzethemba.
Ukushona
U-Eric Erickson washona ngoMeyi 12, 1994. Imbangela yokufa yayihlotshaniswa nokuguga. Wathola isiphephelo sokugcina edolobheni laseHarind, esimweni seMassachusetts. Kanye nomfazi, udokotela wezengqondo ungcwatshwe emathuneni eSonto le-Sovist.Imisebenzi yesosayensi ifunelwa kuze kube namuhla, futhi izithombe zakhe zibekwe ezincwadini nasezincwadini ezikhuluma ngengqondo yobudala.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1950 - "Ingane nomphakathi"
- 1958 - "Mncane uLuther. Isifundo Esingokomlando Ne-Psychoanalytic »
- Ngo-1959 - "Ubunikazi: Intsha kanye nenhlekelele"
- Ngo-1969 - "Iqiniso leMahatma Gandhi: Mayelana nemvelaphi yempi engelona udlame"
- 1978 - "Isikhathi Esidala"
- Ngo-1986 - "Ukubandakanyeka Kwempilo Emdala"
- 1987 - "I-Life Cycle iqediwe"