I-Biograge
U-Alexander Alekhnin wayengumdlali we-Russian-French Chess odumile owathola imiqhudelwano yomhlaba ngawo-1920 nangu-1930. Ukunqoba komsubathi adumile uJosé Raul Capablana kwaxoxwa kabanzi kwimibuthano yezemfundo.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander aleksandrovich alekhin wazalelwa emndenini weNoblengeman, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1880s wahlala eMoscow. Okhokho abazuza ifa likaHulumeni - Estate and Break, baziwa ngamashumi eminyaka ezwe elingaguquki.
Ubaba onogama lomthetho we-aristocrat nguZemlyensky County futhi wayengusekela leSekela le-4th Duma ngo-1912. Umama, umfundi womenzi, wakhukhuleka ngendwangu, emusha evumelana nendlela ehlakaniphile.
Endlini eduzane nase-Arbat, u-Alexander wahlukanisa abanye abadala u-Alethei, owayenengqondo ebukhali. Umzali onezingane wadlala ama-chess nama-checkers njalo ebusuku, ngakho-ke amadodana awazange enze i-pawn, ihhashi nendlovu.
Emncane, uSasha wagula ngokungathi sína nge-leptumingitis, embhedeni wayenqatshelwe ukuthinta ibhodi ye-chess. Odokotela bazisola ngengane futhi bavunyelwe ukubhekabheka izincwadi zokuvusa intshisekelo ezifundweni zabo futhi zidambise ingxenye ethile ye-melancholy.
Ngemuva kokubuyisa u-Alekhnin wawa ngaphansi kokugcinwa kwe-gutener, wabe esezimisele esikoleni esizimele kakhulu sangasese. Ubaba wayenethemba lokuthi osemusha uzoba ngummeli odumile, umbono kaSasha ngo-Akhokho wamukele esikhathini esizayo.
Ebusheni bakhe, umdlali weChess wafundwa emikhakheni yezomthetho eSt. Petersburg School of Law naseyunivesithi eMoscow. Ngehlobo lika-1914, u-Alekhnin ngumeluleki we-titar, wabhala "umsebenzi wenkonzo" kwikholamu efanelekile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Entwasahlobo yango-1920, u-Alexander washada okokuqala, owakwakho owakhe impilo yomuntu siqu echithekile. Ngenxa yeSasha Bataueva, ngokwezinkumbulo zabantu besikhathi esiseduze nomndeni, babuyela kulowo owayekholwa nokhokho, imithwalo kanye nethemba. Noma yimuphi, isizathu sokuba nobudlelwano nonkosikazi wakhe akazange basebenze, futhi lo mbhangqwana wahlukana ngaphandle kokusola, amahlazo angadingekile futhi ecasulwa.Umdlali weChess wahlangana nentatheli evela ezweni elicebile eYurophu, u-Anneliz Ruegg, iSwitzerland ikhangelwa njengezibuthe. Ijabule, basuka eBolshevik Russia, entshonalanga, umlingani womnyaka wobudala athembele ekuzalweni kwezingane. Ngemuva kokuvela kwendodana u-Alexander Alekhini, iBachelor ibuyele emhlabeni omkhulu wezindlovukazi namakhosi.
Kamuva, i-satellite yomdlali we-chess kwakuyinkani yohlobo olungapheliyo, i-chess yayikhona emiqhudelwaneni futhi ilandele lo mdlalo. Empilweni ka-Alekhina, kwenzeka eminye imisebenzi emibili esemthethweni, uGrace Vishar wabheka kahle umngani omkhulu nonkosikazi.
Nendlovukazi
Ebusheni bakhe, u-Alexander waba nesithakazelo ku-chessing gambul tournaments, Fyodor Ivanovich Duz-Hotimigsky wafundisa umsubathi ukunqoba. Ukubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yezingane kanye nobulungu ekilabhini ye-Amateur kusekelwe futhi kwavumela umfowethu osemdala, ubaba noMama.
U-Alekhnin waqala wathatha umvuzo kwiCharance Championship, eyahlela umagazini okhethekile wokufundisa. Impumelelo yethalente elinethalente emaqenjini asensimini emnyama nomhlophe yabangela ukunconywa nokudumisa.
Ngemuva komqhudelwano waseRussia wonke, owaletha isihloko se-AMATEUR, le nsizwa yahlangana phesheya yahlangana nabantu abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Emidlalweni eHamburg naseCarlsbad, kwakhiwa uhlelo oluhlukile emthethweni osemusha.
Emincintiswaneni ephezulu kakhulu yezikhundla, ekhanyiselwe kakhulu kwabezindaba, u-Alekhin no-Aron Shenitsić bahlukanise umklomelo wababili. Ekuqedeni kwemincintiswano yamazwe omhlaba ebanjelwe eSt.
Impi yezwe yokuqala yathola u-Alexander ku-Enemy Mannheim, umdlali we-chess kanye nozakwabo abavela eRussia bavakashela ejele laseGerman. U-Alekhin no-Ilya Rabinovich, bachitha izinyanga ekudingisweni, babengabakwa-Austrian neHiggrand, njengesifo somuntu.
Ngenhlanhla yezihlobo nabathandekayo, iziboshwa azidutshulwa, abakhulu bakwazi ukubuyela emakhaya abo. I-Muscovite, ebizwayo nezempi, yasiza ibutho ngemali enezimayini ngosizo lwethalente nengqondo eqeqesha ingqondo.
Imincintiswano yombukiso yenzeka eMoscow, e-petrograd nase-Odessa, abaphikisi be-Champion engaba khona kwakungabadlali baseRussia. Ngokufika kukaVladimir Lenin waya emandleni ngenxa yombuso wombuso, umdlali weChess waba yisakhamuzi esingaziwa sesandla esiphakathi.
Izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zamaBolsheviks zavunyelwa ukuhambisa isidlali se-chess phesheya, lapho asebenza khona emiqhudelwaneni ngaphansi kwefulegi lezwe lamaKhomanisi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubudlelwane nendawo azalelwa kuyo, abalahla u-Alexander Alexandrovich Regalia, babenokuningi okubekwe kuze kube phakade.
Eminyakeni yama-20s, u-Alekhhh wenza indlela yakhe eya kumqhudelwano waseBrithani waseBritish, lapho adlale khona uJosé Raul Kapablanca - iqhawe lomhlaba elaziwayo. I-Moskvich, eyathatha indawo yesibili, yamemezela umdlalo womqhele, kepha ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamaphupho wezimali akhishwe.
Ugogo, owayenengxubevange, waqala ukwenza imali ngokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zemidlalo kanye nezikhathi zomdlalo ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuphindukuzalwa kuFrenchman kanye nokuqeqeshwa eSorbonne kwaba yithuba elisha elijabulisayo lePost-Soviet Pore.
Ehlobo lika-1926, u-Alekhnin waqala izingxoxo kulo mdlalo nge-capplane engabonakali ngokuxhaswa kwabantu abacebile. Ukuze kulungiselwe umqhudelwano wesihloko sompetha womhlaba, ozofika eRussia achithe ubusuku obuningi bokungalali.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umqhele olindelwe isikhathi eside wathola i-aristocrat ethelwe, ukukhanya kwamasiko kwakhuluma ngomnikazi omusha werekhodi le-chess. Ukunqotshwa okudumile kanye nokuziphindisela okulandelayo endaweni yokugcina umlando ka-Alexander Alexandrovich, amakhulukhulu ama-Brilliant Deviries aqoqiwe.
Ngawo-1940s, alekhnin ahlose ukuhlangana ne-capplant futhi, kodwa ukufa kukaCuba kwawela amapulani. AbaseYurophu baphinde babhekana nabahlaseli baseJalimane - amaFascist, owayenguRussia owake waba nenkinga yezwe lonke.
I-Chess Genius ilahlekelwe ilungelo layo lokwenza emiqhudelwaneni emikhulu, imbangi max eye yaqala ngaphandle kwayo nokuqothuka. Kuhlelwe impi ngeMikhail Botvinnik kusuka eRussia, kunganikeza isimo ithuba elihle.
Ukushona
Ukufa ngenxa ye-asphyxia kwathola iqhawe elingabonakali ku-Eva yemidlalo enemifanekiso ngo-1946. Izinguqulo emhlabeni jikelele zahlonishwa yinkumbulo yomdlali omuhle we-chess futhi waphakamisa inkanyezi yaseRussia-French.Abanye ababhali bama-biografikhi bathi u-Alexander Alexandrovich wabulawa yizinsizakalo ezikhethekile zoMbuso waseSoviet noma izitha zaseMelika. Kumafilimu anesakhiwo esidumile, abaqondisi bacabanga ukuthi umkhulu wafakwa ubuthi ezandleni zenceku yehhotela.
I-Soviet Press yaphendula kabi ku-Alexander Alexandrovich, kepha isithombe sakhe savele emaphepheni amaphephandaba amaningi. Izimfihlo zekhono lomdlali we-chess ngemuva kokufa kabi kwakunentshisekelo kozakwethu kanye nokukhanya kwamasiko aseYurophu.
Umpetha ekuqaleni wangcwatshwa e-Estoril, kepha umfelokazi waphikelela ekudluliseleni izinsalela emathuneni ama-monsttarnasse. Umlando we-genius-ubuhlakani amashumishumi eminyaka udonsele ukunakwa kochwepheshe hhayi abantu abanganaki.
Impumelelo
- I-IV World Champion
- Onqobayo Omkhulu we-Country Championship
- Udlale ama-1264 matche kanye neqembu lomqhudelwano
- I-WEPED KWI-62 Tournaments kusuka ku-87
- Ikhava ye-chess egqoke igama lakhe
- Umthetho wokuhlasela umlobi uShatara Alekhina ekuvikelweni kwaseFrance
- Umbhali ngaphezulu kwezincwadi ezingama-20 ngomqondo we-chess