Biography
UAlexander Alekhin wayengumdlali we-chess waseRussia odumileyo ophumelele iminyhadala yehlabathi nge-1920s kunye ne-1930s. Uloyiso lwe-Ightary Imbaleki uJosé Resé Raul Caceblana yaxoxwa ngokubanzi kwizangqa zemfundo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAlexander Aleksandrovich Alekhin wazalelwa kwintsapho yeNobhetele, ngasekupheleni kwe-1880s bahlala eMoscow. Ookhokho abakuzuza njengelifa ilizwe - i-efisini, yaziwa ngamashumi eminyaka kwilizwe laphambi kotshintsho.
Utata ngegama leMithetho ye-Aristoctrac nguZemlyonsky County kwaye wayengusekela we-4 kaRhulumente we-Duma ngo-1912. Umama, umfundi ovelisi, wakhukulisa inkingi, ebutsheni angena kumgangatho okrelekrele.
Kwindlu ethe kutsho kwi-Arbat, uAlexander wahlulahlula ukuphuculwa komntakwabo uAlexei, owayenengqondo ebukhali. Umzali nabantwana badlala i-chess kunye nabahloli rhoqo ebusuku, ngoko ke oonyana bangenzi bhwili, ihashe nendlovu.
Emncinci, uSasha wagula kakhulu nge-leptomitititis, ebhedini wayengavumelekanga ukuba achukumise ibhodi ye-chess. Oogqirha bayazisola umntwana kwaye bavunyelwe ukukhangela iincwadi ukuba bavuse umdla kwizifundo zabo kwaye banciphise i-melancholy.
Emva kokuba i-Cakin yawa phantsi kogcino lweGutener, emva koko waphakanyiswa kwesona sikolo sidumileyo sangasese. Utata wayenethemba lokuba umntwana ofikisayo uya kuba ligqwetha elidumileyo, uluvo lukaSasha ngoYoyithi owamkelwe kwikamva.
Ebutsheni bakhe, umdlali weChess wafunda kubuchule bomthetho kwisikolo saseSt. Petersburg yomthetho neYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Ngehlobo lowe-1914, uAlekin ngumcebisi, wabhala "umsebenzi wase-Icandelo" kwikholamu efanelekileyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1920, uAlexander wayetshatile okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iqabane lakho likhele ubomi obuqu obutshayo kwiinyanga ezininzi. Sasha Batauuuueva, ngokweenkumbulo zabantu ababephila ngexesha eliphilayo kufutshane nosapho, wabuyela kwinkolo yangaphambili, imithwalo kunye nethemba. Nangayo nayiphi na into, isizathu sokuba ubudlelwane kunye nenkosikazi yakhe ayizange isebenze, kwaye isibini sahlukana ngaphandle kweengcikivo, ezingeyomfuneko kwaye zikhubeke.Umdlali we-chess wadibana nentatheli evela kwilizwe elityebileyo eYurophu, e-Annelz Ruegg, iSwitzerland inomtsalane njengemagnethi. Bechwayitile, bashiya iBolshevik Russia, eNtshona, ubudala, iqabane elinethemba lokuzalwa lwabantwana. Emva kokubonakala koNyana uAlexander Alekin, uBacherilor wabuyela kwihlabathi elikhulu laloma nookumkani.
Emva koko, i-satellite yomdlali we-chess yayiyithayala ye-Chesfinite yohlobo, i-chess yayikho kwiminyhadala kwaye ilandele i-lazily yomdlalo. Kubomi buka-Alekina, bobabini bomtshato wasemthethweni obenziwa ngakumbi, uGrasha uGraker wawuthathela ingqalelo ngokufanelekileyo olona qabane kunye nomfazi.
Chess
Ebutsheni bakhe, uAlexander waba nomdla wokukrexeza izifundo zemidlalo, i-Fyodor Ivanovich Duz-hothsigsky wafundisa imbaleki ukuba yoyise. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintshatsheli zabantwana kunye nobulungu kwiKlabhu ye-Amateur exhaswe kwaye yamkela umzalwana omkhulu, utata nonina.
U-Alekin waqala wathatha umvuzo kwimbalelwano yembalelwano, eyayilungiselela imagazini yemfundo ekhethekileyo. Impumelelo yendawo yokuzivocavoca enetalente emathenqeni kwicandelo elimnyama nemhlophe babangela ukudunyiswa nokudumisa.
Emva koKhuphiswano lweSussia olwenziweyo, olizisa isihloko sama-Ateur, umfana othile ureshele phesheya kwaye wadibana nabantu abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kwimidlalo eHamburg naseCarlsbad, kwaphuhliswa isicwangciso esikhethekileyo kumthetho.
Kwelona khuphiswano luphezulu oluphezulu, ubukhulu becala lukhanyiselwe kumaphephandaba, uAlekhin noAleron Shenitsi wahlulahlula-hlula ibhaso labantu ababini. Kwisiphelo sokhuphiswano lwamazwe aphesheya obanjelwe eSt. Petersburg, iMoskvich ingene ezintlanu kwaye iphumelele kakhulu.
Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yafumana uAlexander kwitshaba Mannheim, umdlali we-chess kunye noogxa baseRussia batyelela entolongweni yaseJapan. UAlekin kunye ne-ilya rabimovich, echitha iinyanga ekuthinjweni, owayengabakwa-Austria nakwabase-Austria, kunye nesibetho somntu.
Ngethamsanqa izalamane kunye nabantu obathandayo, amabanjwa akazange adutyulwe, oonogogo bakwazi ukubuyela kumakhaya abo. I-Muscovite, eyakhathazwa emkhosini, yanceda umkhosi ngemali enomgangatho ononcedo lwetalente kunye nengqondo eqeqeshiweyo.
Iminyhadala eboniswayo yenzeka eMoscow, iPetrograd kunye neOdessa, abachasi beentshatsheli abanokubakho yayingabadlali abasemagunyeni. Ukufika kukaVladimir Lenin ukuya kwigunya elithile ngenxa yeCop kaRhulumente, umdlali weChess waba ngummi ongaziwayo wesandla esiphakathi.
Iinkonzo ezizodwa zeBolsheviks zivunyelwe ukuba zishukumise uMdlali we-chess phesheya, apho ayesenza khona umnyhadala phantsi kweflegi yelizwe lamaKomanisi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubudlelwane kunye nokuzalwa, abahlutha iAlexander Alexandrovich Rearia, bebemi abaninzi ababemi ngonaphakade.
Kwiminyaka engama-20, uAlekin wayikhokelela kwiphulo lokuqala laseBritane Congress, apho wayedlala khona uJosé Raul Kapablanya - I-charmpion yehlabathi eyamkelweyo. I-Meskvich, eyathatha indawo yesibini, yabhengeza umdlalo wesithsaba, kodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamaphupha aphunyeziweyo.
Abakhulu, ababenomxube, baqala ukwenza imali ngokuphononongwa kweempapasho zemidlalo kunye neeseshoni zomdlalo ngaxeshanye. Ukuvela ngokutsha kumFrentshi noqeqesho eSorbonne yaba lithuba elitsha le-Soviet Post.
Ngehlobo lowe-1926, uAlekin waqala uthethathethwano kumdlalo nge-cappiding ye-cappione ngenkxaso yabantu abazizityebi. Ukuze ulungiselele ukhuphiswano kwi-Champion yehlabathi, umntu ofudukayo waseRussia wachitha ubusuku abaninzi.
Ngenxa yoko, isithsaba esinqwenelekayo sexesha elide safumana i-Aristocral yase-Aristocral, ukukhanya kwenkcubeko kwakuthetha malunga nomnini werekhodi yeChess. Kuwohlu odumileyo kunye nokuziphindezela okulandelayo kwindawo yogcino luka-Alexander Alexandrovich, amakhulu ophumeleleyo oqokelelweyo.
Ngeminyaka yee-1940, uAlekin wayefuna ukudibana ne-cappint kwakhona, kodwa ukufa kwe-cubat iwele izicwangciso. Abemi baseYurophu baphinda bajamelana nabahlaseli abangamaJamani, owayesakuba yiRussia wachukumisa ingxaki yemveli.
I-chess genius yaphulukana nelungelo layo lokwenza iminyhadala ephambili, i-rintal max iqalise ngaphandle kunye ne-boycott. Umlo wacwangciswa nge-mikhail itvinnik evela eRussia, inokunika imeko ithuba elihle.
Ukufa
Ukufa ngenxa ye-Asphyxia i-champion engapheliyo kumdlalo odliwayo ngo-1946. Iinguqulelo ezijikeleze umhlaba zazukiswa yinkumbulo yomdlali omninzi we-chess kwaye iphakamise inkwenkwezi yaseRussia.Abanye ababhali beebhayiloji baphikisana ukuba uAlexander Alexandrovich wabulawa ziiNkonzo eziZobisi zaseSoviet okanye iintshaba zaseMelika. Kwifilimu ngeyelenqe elihle, abalawuli bacinga ukuba uMzkhulu wayenetyhefu ezandleni zesicaka sehotele.
I-Soviet cinezela iphendulwe kakubi iAlexander Alexandrovich, kodwa ifoto yakhe ivele kumaphepha amaphephandaba. Iimfihlo zobuchule bomdlali we-chess emva kokuba umntu okhathalayo wayenomdla koogxa bakhe kunye nokukhanya kwenkcubeko yaseYurophu.
I-champion ekuqaleni yangcwatywa e-Estoril, kodwa umhlolokazi wanyanzelisa ukudluliselwa kwesambuza kumangcwaba eMontParnasnase. Imbali yobukrelekrele - ingqondo yamashumi eminyaka itsalele ingqalelo yeengcali kwaye ingabi ngabantu abangakhathaliyo.
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