I-Biograge
UJames Joyce - umlobi wase-Ireland odumile nembongi yase-Ireland, kubhekwa njengomunye wababhali abanethonya lekhulu lama-20. I-Master of izincwadi, yenza umnikelo ekwakhiweni kobuntu besimanje, waba odumile ngenxa yamanoveli "Ulysses", "umfanekiso womculi ebusheni bakhe" kanye "ne-pominics eFinnegano", kanye nezindaba zeqoqo " .Ubuntwana nentsha
UJames Augustine Aloie Joyce wayengowokuzalwa e-Ireland. Wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 2, 1882 esifundeni saseNingizimu Dublin uJohn Stanislav Joyce noMary Jane bashada futhi babeyizibulo ezinganeni eziyi-15. Umndeni wababhali besikhathi esizayo wenzeka kubalimi nabanikazi bebhizinisi lokukhishwa usawoti kanye ne-lime, mhlawumbe babelwa nobudlelwano noDaniel O'Connell.
Ukungabi nokubamba amabhizinisi namakhono ebhizinisi, ubaba wababhali wesikhathi esizayo wayevame ukuguqula umsebenzi. Ngo-1893, ngemuva kwama -roffs ambalwa, wathatha umhlalaphansi, owayesentula okuqukethwe ngumndeni omningi, wangena ephayiini futhi wahlanganyela enkohlisweni yezezimali.
Isikhathi esithile, uJohn wakhokha izifundo zikaJakobe esikoleni samaJesuit boarding, kwathi lapho imali iphela, umfana wathuthela emfundweni yasekhaya. Ngo-1893, ngenxa yobudlelwano baba bakudala, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wathola indawo eBelvedere College, lapho ajoyina khona iSonto leSonto lawo futhi ahlangana nePhuma lePhoquma lawo lamthonya kakhulu.
Ngo-1898, uJames waba ngumfundi weDublin University College waqala ukufunda isiNgisi, isiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane. Le nsizwa yavakashela ama-mugs okubhala kanye namancane, yabhala imidlalo, izinto zephephandaba lendawo. Ngo-1900, ukubuyekezwa okuhlandwayo encwadini kaHencric Ibsen "lapho thina, abafileyo, esivumayo" baba yincwadi yokuqala yokubuyekezwa kwabafundi abangu-2.
Ngo-1901, uJoyce wabhala i-athikili yemidlalo yaseshashalazini e-Ireshi, eyayisenqabile ukuphrinta. Ushicilelwe ephephandabeni ledolobha "United Irishman", ngaleyo ndlela athumele umbhali emphakathini jikelele.
Ekupheleni kwekolishi, uJoyce waya eParis ukuyofundela umuthi, okwakunzima kakhulu ekuqondeni nasekufundeni. Le nsizwa yangena ezinyathelweni zikaYise, imvamisa yashintsha lo msebenzi, izama ukuthola indlela yobukhona, yachitha isikhathi esiningi kulabhulali kazwelonke yaseFrance, yabhala izinkondlo. Ngokushesha wathola izindaba zokufa kukamama kamama kamama futhi waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele eDublin.
Izincwadi
I-biography yokudala kaJoyce yaqala ngo-1904, lapho izama ukushicilela indatshana ebizwa ngokuthi "umfanekiso womdwebi". Lokhu kwalokhu akunakuthanda abashicileli, futhi umbhali wanquma ukumphindaphinda enonoveli "iqhawe uStephen", okwaveza izehlakalo zobusha bakhe, kodwa ngokushesha bashiya umsebenzi emsebenzini.
Ngo-1907, uJames wabuyela emidwebo yencwadi engashosiwe futhi wabahlelela ngokuphelele, ngenxa yalokho ngo-1914 umdwebi womculi osebusheni bakhe ", wakhuluma ngokuphila kwempilo yempi enkulu ye UStephen umkhulu, ofana kakhulu nombhali ebusheni bakhe.
Kusukela ngo-1906, uJoyce waqala ukusebenza eqoqweni lezindaba eziyi-15 ezibizwa nge- "Dublins", lapho isithombe esingokoqobo sempilo ye-Middon Class enhlokodolobha nasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le midwebo yenziwa lapho ubuzwe base-Ireland bebusezingeni eliphakeme lentuthuko, bagxile emcabangweni weJoyce ngokuqonda kwabantu ngezikhathi zokujika kwempilo nomlando.
Ukwakheka kweqoqo kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-3: ubuntwana, intsha nokuvuthwa. Abanye abalingiswa baphinde bavukezelelwa ezithombeni zesibili zenoveli "Ulysses". Ngokokuqala ngqa, uJoyce wazama ukushicilela ama-Dublins ngo-1909 ezweni lakubo, kodwa wathola ukwenqaba. Umzabalazo wokungena ekukhanyeni kwencwadi waqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1914, lapho ukuqoqwa ekugcineni kwaphrintwa.
Ngo-1907, uJames wasondelana komunye wabafundi bakhe - umlobi we-Arone Hector Schmitz, umlobi kanye nomlobi, owaziwayo ngaphansi kweqhawe lenoveli elisha elithi "Ulysses" Leopold Bloom. Umsebenzi owenziwa ngomsebenzi waqala ngo-1914 wahlala iminyaka engu-7. Le noveli yaba umsebenzi obalulekile wezemibhalo emlandweni wesimanje solimi lwesiNgisi nesibonakaliso somlobi.
Ku- "Ulysses" Joyce wasebenzisa ukuhamba kwengqondo, ukugcwala, amahlaya namanye amasu ukwethula izinhlamvu. Izenzo zamanoveli zazinqunyelwe ngolunye usuku, ngoJuni 16, 1904, futhi zahlangana neHomerovskaya "Odyssey". Umlobi wahlushwa amaqhawe asendulo amaGreek of Ulysses, uPenelope noTelemach emkhakheni wesimanje we-shool, umkakhe uqhakaza noMkhulu uStephen, ukubhekana nokuPrototypes koqobo.
Le ncwadi ifunde izindawo ezahlukahlukene zempilo yedolobha elikhulu ngokugxila kwi-mission yayo neMonotony. Ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi uyincazelo enothando ebonakalayo yedolobha. UJoyce wathi uma uDublin wabhujiswa ngenhlekelele ethile, angabuyiselwa, izitini phezu kwesitini, amakhasi enoveli.
Le ncwadi iqukethe izahluko eziyi-18 ezimboza cishe ihora elilodwa losuku. Isiqephu ngasinye sasinesitayela saso semibhalo futhi sahlangana nomcimbi othile "Odyssey." Isinyathelo esikhulu senzeka ezingqondweni zabalingiswa futhi sanezelwa ngeziza ze-lakhress yenganekwane futhi kwesinye isikhathi imininingwane yangaphandle ebonakalayo.
Ukushicilelwa kwe-serial kwamaRoma kwaqala ngoMashi 1918 eMork Mashi "ngokubukeza okuncane", kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 kunqanyulwe ngenxa yamanyala. Ngo-1922, le ncwadi yanyatheliswa eNgilandi ngaphansi kwesihleli se-cartridge Harriet Show Waiter. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi maduze umsebenzi wavinjelwa, kwathi amakhophi angama-500 enoveli athunyelwa e-United States abambeke futhi ashiswe ngamasiko amaNgisi.
Ngemuva kokuphothula umsebenzi ku- "Ulysses", uJoyce wakhungatheka kangangokuba isikhathi eside angizange ngibhale umugqa weprosese. NgoMashi 10, 1923, wabuyela ekwakheni futhi waqala umsebenzi ngomkhiqizo omusha. Ngo-1926, uJames uthweswe iziqu ezingxenyeni zokuqala zenoveli "ama-pominics nguFinnegana", kwathi ngo-1939, le ncwadi yashicilelwa ngokuphelele. Le noveli yabhalwa endaweni eyingqayizivele futhi eyisabalayikile, esekelwe, ikakhulukazi kuma-pun-level ahlukahlukene.
Ukusabela emsebenzini kwakunzima. Abaningi bagxeka le ncwadi ukuba yingozi kanye nokungabikho kwentambo eyodwa yokulandisa. Abavikeli benoveli, kufaka phakathi umlobi uSamuel Beckett, bakhuluma ngokubaluleka kwesakhiwo nobuqotho bezithombe zamaqhawe aphakathi. UJoyce uthe ngokwakhe wathi le ncwadi izothola umfundi ophelele ozohlushwa i-insomnia, futhi, ngokugcwalisa inoveli, aphendukele ekhasini lokuqala aqale futhi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1904, uJoyce wahlangana noNaru Barnacle, ongowesifazane ovela eGalimi, owayesebenza entombazaneni ehhotela. Abantu abasha babemthandana futhi bendawonye beshiye i-Ireland beyofuna umsebenzi nenjabulo. Ekuqaleni, lo mbhangqwana uzinze eZurich, lapho uJames abhalwa ohlwini lothisha esikoleni solimi. Ngemuva kwalokho uJoyce wathunyelwa eTrieste, owayeyingxenye ye-Austria - iHungary ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wayezimisele lapho ethe xaxa olimi lwesiNgisi ekilasini ekilasini, lapho kwakukhona khona izikhulu zasolwandle.
Ngo-1905, uNora wabeletha ingane yokuqala, umfana, uGeorio obize ngayo. Ngo-1906, okhathele yimpilo eyinqaba eTrieste, uJoyce wahamba isikhathi eside wathuthela eRoma waxazulula uMabhalane waya ebhange, kodwa akazange akuthande lapho. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, uJames wabuyela e-Austria-Hungary futhi wakwazi ukuzalwa kwendodakazi kaLucia ngo-1907.
Isimo sezezimali sikaJoyce noNora besisinda. Umlobi akakwazanga ukuzinikela ngokuphelele ebuqandleni, njengoba kwadingeka ngiziphilise. Ubengummeleli wemboni yamafilimu, wazama ukungenisa indwangu yase-Ireland eTrieste, walungisa izinguqulo, wanikeza izifundo zangasese. Lo mndeni wahlala esinye sezindawo eziphambili empilweni yomlobi, naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, wahlala emgodini kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, eyaba ngumkakhe eminyakeni engama-27 emva kokujwayelana kwakhe.
Ngo-1907, uJames waqala izinkinga ngombono, okwathi kamuva wafuna imisebenzi yokuhlinzwa engaphezu kweshumi nambili. Kwakunezinsolo zokuthi umbhali nendodakazi yakhe bahlushwa yiSchizophrenia. Bahlolwe eCharles Jung Psychiatrist, okwathi ephetha ngokuthi uJoyce noLucia - "Abantu ababili bathunyelwa ezansi komfula, shona eyodwa, nelinye ithoni."
Ngawo-1930s, izinkinga zezimali zibuyele kohlelo lwe-2ND zibonga ukwazana kaJoyce ngesihleli somagazini we-egoist, Harriet Show Waiter. Unikeze ukusekelwa ngokwezezimali emndenini walomlobi, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, wakhokha umngcwabo futhi waba ngumphathi wepropathi.
Ukushona
NgoJanuwari 11, 1941 UJoyce wahlinzwa eZurich ukususa izilonda ze-duodenal. Ngakusasa wawela kothile. NgoJanuwari 13, 1941 wavuka ngehora lesibili ekuseni wacela umhlengikazi wakhe ukuba abize umkakhe nendodana yakhe, ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa yimibono futhi. Izihlobo zazisendleleni lapho umlobi efa isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga ngaphambi kokugubha iminyaka engama-59. Imbangela yokufa yayiyisilonda somzimba.
UJoyce wangcwatshwa eZurich e-Flunter Cemetery. Ekuqaleni, isidumbu sangcwatshwa ethuneni elijwayelekile, kodwa ngo-1966, ngemuva kokuthi iziphathimandla zikaDublin zenqabile izihlobo lapho zithutha izinsalela ezweni lakubo, umlobi weSikhumbuzo womlobi wadalwa esikhundleni sakhe. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, eduze kwebhodi lamaGranite, lapho izingcaphuno ezivela emisebenzini yeDublin More Monaisist ziqoshwe, faka isithombe, esifana nomlobi "Ulysses".
Amacaphuna
"Ngihlala ngibhala ngeDublin, ngoba uma ngikwazi ukuqonda umongo weDublin, ngiyakwazi ukuqonda umnyombo wawo wonke amadolobha emhlabeni" "Yizwa ubuhle bomculo - kufanele ulalele kabili, kanye nemvelo noma abesifazane - kusuka kwabesifazane - kusuka kubukhazi bodwa "" Umcabango awukhokhi isidlo sasemini - isoso elihle kakhulu esidlweni sakusihlwa "" Ubuhlakani abuwenzi amaphutha. Ukukhumbula kwakhe - ngamabomu "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Ihhovisi Elingcwele"
- 1904-1914 - Dublintsy
- Ngo-1912 - "Igesi kusuka ku-Burner"
- 1911-1914 - "UJacomo Joyce"
- Ngo-1907-1914 - "" Imidwebo yomculi osemusha "
- Ngo-1914-1915 - "Exgiles"
- 1914-1921 - "Ulysses"
- 1922-1939 - "Ama-Poms Of Finnegan"