Biography
UJames Joyce - umbhali odumileyo waseIreland owaziwayo, ethathwa ngomnye wababhali abanempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-20. Inkosi yoncwadi, yenze igalelo kuphuhliso lwemihla ngemihla, yaziwa ngokuba yicoveli "," umzobo wobutsha "," umzobo we-finnegano ", kunye namabali okuqokelela" i-dublins " .Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJames Augustine Aloie Joyce wayengummi waseIreland. Wazalwa nge-2 kaFebruwari, nge-1882 kwiSithili saseMazantsi eDublin sikaJohn Stanislav Janece noMary Jane batshata kwaye bengamadala kubantwana abayi-15. Intsapho yombhali wexesha elizayo yenzeka kubalimi kunye nabanini beshishini lokukhutshelwa kwetyuwa kunye nekalika, mhlawumbi yayiquka ubudlelwane i-dand O'connet injurator, idume ngesiqingatha senkulungwane yama-20.
Ukungabinamsebenzi weshishini kunye nezakhono zeshishini, utata wombhali wexesha elizayo wayedla ngokutshintsha umsebenzi. Ngo-1893, emva kokulala okuliqela, wathatha umhlala phantsi, owawusilela ngenxa yosapho oluninzi, waya kwi-PIE kwaye wenza ubuqhetseba.
Kangangexesha elithile, uYohane wahlawula izifundo zikaJames kwiSikolo sokubhonga kweJesuit, kwaye xa imali iphelile, inkwenkwe yafudukela kwimfundo yasekhaya. Ngo-1893, ngenxa yolwalamano lukatata ondala, umbhali wexesha elizayo wafumana iKholeji yaseBelvedere, apho wangena kwiCawa yeCawa yesikolo kwaye wadibana neFoma Aquinas, de kuphembelele ubomi bakhe.
Ngo-1898, uJames waba ngumfundi weKholeji yaseDublin kwaye waqala ukufunda isiNgesi, isiFrentshi nesiTaliyane. Lo mfana watyelela iiMugrical kunye ne-palatical mugs, wabhala iidlala, izixhobo zephephandaba lendawo. Ngo-1900, uphononongo lwe-laudary kwincwadi kaHenric Ibsen "Xa thina, abafileyo, Vukani" saba upapasho lwe-2-veki nganye.
Ngo-1901, uJoyce wabhala inqaku malunga nethiyetha ye-Iriz, eyakha iYunivesithi yangashicilelwanga. Upapashwa kwiphephandaba leSixeko "I-United Irishman", ngaloo ndlela singenisa umbhali kuluntu jikelele.
Ekupheleni kwekholeji, uJoyce waya eParis ukuya kufunda amayeza, enzima kakhulu ekuqondeni nasekufundeni. Umfana wahamba emanyathelweni kaBawo, wayedla ngokutshintsha komsebenzi, ezama ukufumana indlela yobukho, echithe ixesha elininzi kwithala leencwadi elininzi lesizwe, wabhala imibongo. Kungekudala wafumana iindaba zokufa kukamama kanina kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba abuyele eDublin.
Iincwadi
I-biography yendalo eyaqala ngo-1904, xa wazama ukupapasha isincoko esibizwa ngokuba "yintsomi yomculi". Lo mbandela wawungafani nabapapashi, kwaye umbhali wagqiba kwelokuba arhole kwinoveli "iqhawe" uStephen ", evelisa iziganeko zobutsha bakhe, kodwa zakushiya umsebenzi emsebenzini.
Ngo-1907, uJames wabuyela kwimizobo yencwadi engafakwanga kwaye wazivuselela ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba ngo-1914 umzobo wenoveli "wavele, waxelela malunga neminyaka yokuqala yegorha lelinye Utatomkhulu waseStephen, efana kakhulu nombhali wakhe kwasebutsheni bakhe.
Ukususela ngo-1906, uJoyce waqalisa ukusebenza kwingqokelela yamabali ali-15 abizwa ngokuba ngu "Dublins", apho umfanekiso wokwenene wobomi bakumgangatho weli nqanaba le-20. Ezi Sket zenziwa xa ubuzwe baseIreland bekukho incopho yophuhliso, bagxile kwimbono yeJodce malunga nokuqonda kwabantu ngokuguqulwa kobomi kunye nembali.
Ukuqulunqwa kokuqokelelwa kwahlulahlulwe kuba ziinxalenye ezi-3: ubuntwana kunye nokuvuthwa. Abanye oonobumba emva koko baphinde baphindwe kwimifanekiso yesibini yenoveli "Ulyss". Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, uJoyce wazama ukupapasha ii-Dublins ngo-1909 kwilizwe lakhe, kodwa wafumana ukwala. Umzabalazo wokungenisa ukukhanya kwencwadi uqhubeke de kube ngu-1914, xa ingqokelela yaprintwa ekugqibeleni.
Ngo-1907, uJames wasondela komnye wabafundi bakhe - uArone Hoctor Schmitz, umbhali kunye nombhali we-inta schuuevo, owabizwa ngokuba yi-prototy pers "i-leopold" i-leopold bloom. Sebenza ngomsebenzi waqala ngo-1914 kwaye yahlala iminyaka esi-7. Inoveli yaba ngumsebenzi ophambili wokubhalwa kwembali yembali ye-English-ulwimi lwemidlalo kunye ne-bibliography yombhali.
Kwi "Ullys" uJoyce wasebenzisa ukuhamba kwengqondo, i-parody, amaqhulo nakwezinye iindlela zokubonisa abalinganiswa. Izenzo zezoloveli zazinqunyelwe ngosuku olunye, nge-16 kaJuni, ngo-1904, kwaye zivakalise kwi-Homerovskaya "Odyssey". Umbhali wabandezeleka amaqhawe amandulo amaGrike, iPenelope kunye ne-telemaki kwimifanekiso ye-leopold bloom, inkosikazi yakhe ye-rully kunye ne-tephen ratotypes.
Le ncwadi ifunde imimandla eyahlukeneyo yobomi beMetropolitan ngokugxila kwi-mission yayo kunye ne-monotony. Kwangelo xesha, umsebenzi yinkcazo ethandekayo yedolophu. UJoyce wathi uDublin watshatyalaliswa kwintlekele ethile, unokubuyiselwa, isitena ngaphezulu kwesitena, kumaphepha enoveli.
Incwadi inezahluko ezili-18 ezigubungela malunga neyure enye yosuku. Isiqendu ngasinye sasinesitayile sayo soncwadi kwaye sidityaniswe nomsitho othile "Odyssey." Inyathelo eliphambili lenzeka ezingqondweni zabalinganiswa kwaye laxhaswanga ngeeplani zentsomi ye-classical kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zineenkcukacha ezingaphandle.
Ukupapashwa kwesikhundla kwamaRoma kwaqala ngo-Matshi 1918 kwiMagazini eNew York "Uphengululo oluncinci", kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-2 uyekisiwe ngenxa yezinto ezimbi. Ngo-1922, le ncwadi yapapashwa eNgilane phantsi kweCartridge Emiriet ibonise umlindi. Inomdla kukuba kungekudala umsebenzi wawuvaliwe, kunye neekopi ezingama-500 zenoveli ezithunyelwa eUnited States zabhalwa zaza zatshiswa kwiziko lesiNgesi.
Emva kokugqiba umsebenzi "U-Ulysses", uJoyce waphelelwa ngamandla ukuba ixesha elide andikhange ndibhale umgca weprose. Ngo-Matshi 10, ngo-1923, wabuyela kubuchule bokudala kwaye waqalisa umsebenzi omtsha. Ngo-1926, uJames waphumelela kwiinxalenye ezi-2 zokuqala zenoveli ", kwaye ngo-1939, incwadi yapapashwa ngokupheleleyo. Inoveli yabhalwa kwindawo engaqhelekanga kwaye icacisa isiNgesi, esekwe, ikakhulu kwizinto ezinzima zenqanaba elinzima.
Ukusabela emsebenzini kwabenzakile. Uninzi lwagxeka le ncwadi yencwadi engalunganga kunye nokungabikho kwentambo enye yengxelo. Abakhuseli benoveli, kuquka nombhali uSamuweli Beckett, bathetha ngokubaluleka kweyelenqe kunye nentembeko yemigangatho yamagorha asekumbindi. UJoyce ngokwakhe wathi le ncwadi iza kufumana uMfundi ogqibeleleyo oya kubandezeleka ngenxa ye-insommia, kwaye, ngokuzalisa inoveli, abuyele kwiphepha lokuqala aze aqale kwakhona.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1904, uJoyce wadibana noNaru Barnal, umfazi ovela eGauli, owayesebenzela intombazana ehotele. Ulutsha lwathandana kwaye luye lwashiya i-ireland ukukhangela umsebenzi kunye nolonwabo. Ekuqaleni, esi sibini sahlala eZurich, apho uYoseka wadweliswa ngutitshala kwisikolo solwimi. Emva koko uJoyce wathunyelwa ukuba asuke, owayeyinxalenye yeOstriya-owayeyinxalenye ye-Austria - ngelo xesha, kwaye wayezimisele ukufundisa utitshala wolwimi lwesiNgesi eklasini, apho babelungiselela khona amagosa asekwe.
Ngo-1905, uNora wazala umntwana wokuqala, inkwenkwe, eyabizwa ngokuba nguGerio. Ngo-1906, ediniwe ngobomi obunezinto ezintle kuTrieste, uJoyce wafudukela kwiRoma kwaye wazinza unobhala wenkundla, kodwa akayithandi apho. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, uYakobi wabuyela eNore yaseOstria - iHungary wakwazi ukuzalwa kwentombi ka-Lucia ngo-1907.
Imeko yezemali yeJoyce noNora babenzima. Umbhali akazange azinikele ngokupheleleyo kubuchule, njengoko kwakufuneka ndiziphilise. Wayengummeli wecandelo lefilimu, wazama ukungenisa ilaphu le-Irish ukuze asuke, enze i-iguqulelwe, anike izifundo zabucala. Intsapho yahlala kwenye yezona ndawo ziphambili kubomi bombhali, ngaphandle kobunzima, wahlala emngxunyeni de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe, owaba ngumfazi wakhe kwiminyaka engama-27 emva kokuba ethandana naye.
Ngo-1907, uJames waqalisa iingxaki ngombono, owathi kamva wafuna ngaphezulu kwemisebenzi yoqhaqho. Kwakukho ukukrokrela umbhali nentombi yakhe e-Schizophrenia. Bahlolwa eCharles Jung Psychistrist, owenza isigqibo sokuba uJoyce kunye noLucia - "abantu ababini bathunyelwa emazantsi omfula, enye nenye ithoni."
Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, iingxaki zemali zaphinda zaphinda zaphinda zibuyiselwe kwisicwangciso sesibini sokubulela kumhleli weJocce ngomhleli wephephabhuku le-EGOP, Harriert Show. Wazinika inkxaso yemali kusapho lombhali, kwaye emva kokuba efile, wahlawula umngcwabo kwaye waba ngumphathi wepropathi.
Ukufa
Januwari 11, 1941 Joyce wasebenza nzima eZurich ukuba asuse izilonda ze-duodenal. Ngemini elandelayo wawa ngumntu. Januwari 13, 1941 Wavuka ngentsimbi yesi-2 kusasa wambuza umongikazi wakhe ukuba abize umfazi wakhe kunye nonyana wakhe, ngaphambi kokuphinda aphelelwe ngumsindo kwakhona. Izihlobo zazisendleleni xa umbhali wasweleka engaphantsi kwenyanga ngaphambi kokuba abelwe ngeminyaka engama-59. Unobangela wokufa yayisisilonda somzimba.
UJoyce wangcwatywa eTsich Carmedemitha. Ekuqaleni, umzimba wangcwatyelwa kwingcwaba lesiqhelo, kodwa ngo-1966, emva kokuba abasemagunyeni beDublin balile kwimvume yokuthutha i-Shiya ilizwe labo, isikhumbuzo sombhali sadalwa kwindawo yakhe. Emva kwexesha elithile, ecaleni kweBhodi yeGrancin, apho iikowuti ezivela kwimisebenzi ye-Dublin Mandert, zibeka umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ofanayo nombhali "i-Ulyss".
Iikowuti
"Ndihlala ndibhala malunga neDublin, kuba ukuba ndingayiqonda imeko yaseDublin, ndingayiqonda intsingiselo yazo zonke izixeko ezisemhlabeni" "ziva ubuhle bomculo - kuya kufuneka uphulaphule kabini, ukusuka kwi-GORK "" Ingcinga ayisiyo intlawulo yesidlo sasemini - i-sauce efanelekileyo kwisidlo sangokuhlwa "" ubuhlakani bungazenzi iimpazamo. Iimpazamo zakhe - ngabom "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Iofisi eNgcwele"
- Ngo-1904-1914 - I-Dublintsy
- Ngo-1912 - "igesi evela kwi-burner"
- Ngo-1911-1914 - "UJacomo Joyce"
- Ngo-1907-1914 - "I-PRORTRAIT YOMCEBISO ELutsha"
- Ngo-1914-1915 - "ekuthinjweni"
- Ngo-1914-1921 - "Ulyss"
- Ngo-1922-1939 - "i-poms yeFinnegan"