Ubuzima
James Joyce - umwanditsi uzwi cyane wa Irlande numusizi, urebye umwe mubanditsi bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya 20. Master of'Ubuvanganzo, yatanze umusanzu mu iterambere ry'ikigereranyo, yamenyekanye cyane mu masomo "ulysses", "Pinnegait". .Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
James Augustin Aloie Joyce yari ukomoka muri Irilande. Yavutse ku ya 2 Gashyantare 1882 mu karere ka Dublin y'Amajyepfo ya John Stanislav Joyce na Mariya Jane John kandi hari imfura yabana 15. Umuryango wumwanditsi w'ejo hazaza wabereye abahinzi hamwe na ba nyir'ikigo cyo gukuramo umunyu n'indimu, wenda byari bigizwe n'imibanire na Daniel O'Connell, uzwi cyane kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 20.
Kutagira ubucuruzi nubucuruzi, se wumwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yakundaga guhindura akazi. Mu 1893, nyuma y'amahoro menshi, asezeye, yari afite ibikubiye mu muryango mwinshi, yagiye muri pie kandi akora uburiganya.
Mu gihe runaka, Yohana yishyuye amasomo ya Yakobo mu ishuri ryinjira mu ishuri rya jesuit, maze amafaranga arangiye, umuhungu yimukiye mu burezi bwa home. Mu 1893, kubera umubano wa se wabaye, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yahawe ubuvandimwe bwa Belvedere, aho yinjiye mu itorero ryamashuri aterana na Phoma Aquinas ya Grama, kugeza igihe ubuzima bwe burangiye, kugeza imperuka ye irangiye.
Mu 1898, James yabaye umunyeshuri wa kaminuza ya Dublin atangira kwiga icyongereza, igifaransa no mutaliyani. Umusore yasuye mugs ubuvanganzo kandi ikinamico, yanditse ikinamico, ibikoresho byo mu kinyamakuru cyaho. Mu 1900, hasohoka ishyano ku gitabo cya Henric Ibben "igihe twe, abapfuye, gukanguka" ryabaye igitabo cya 1 mu isubiramo ry'icyumweru 2.
Mu 1901, Joyce yanditse ingingo ivuga ku ncumbi y'ubuvanganzo ya IURIlande, kaminuza yanze gucapa. Yatangajwe mu kinyamakuru Cy 'UNSHWAN ", bityo atanga umwanditsi ku ruhame rusange.
Ishuri rirangiye, Joyce yagiye i Paris kwiga ubuvuzi, bwari bugoye cyane kubyumva no kwiga. Umusore yagiye mu kirenge cya Data, akenshi ahindura umwuga, agerageza gushaka uburyo bwo kubaho, bwamaranye umwanya munini mu isomero ry'igihugu ry'igifaransa, ryanditse ibisigo. Bidatinze, yakiriye amakuru y'urupfu rwa nyina wa nyina, ahatirwa gusubira i Dublin.
Ibitabo
Ubuzima bwo guhanga bwa Joyce bwatangiye mu 1904, igihe yageragezaga gutangaza inyandiko yitwa "portrait yumuhanzi". Ibikoresho ntibyakunze ababwiriza, umwanditsi ahitamo kumwongerera mu gitabo "Intwari Sitefano", yatangaga ibyabaye mu busore bwe, ariko bidatinze yakoze imirimo yo ku kazi.
Mu 1907, James yasubiye mu gishushanyo cy'igitabo kitarangwamo kandi yakazikoraga burundu, kubera ko mu 1914 igitabo "cyerekana amashusho mu busore bwe" cyagaragaye, kivuga mu myaka ya mbere y'ubuzima bw'intwari ikomeye Stephen Sogokuru, asa cyane n'umwanditsi ubwe mu busore bwe.
Kuva mu 1906, Joyce yatangiye akazi ku cyegeranyo cy'inkuru 15 cyitwa "Dublins", aho ishusho ifatika y'ubuzima bw'Urwego ruri mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Izi shusho zakozwe mugihe cyo gukunda igihugu muri Irilande cyari ku iterambere ryiterambere, bibanda ku gitekerezo cya Joyce kubyerekeye ubushishozi bwabantu kugirango bahindure ubuzima namateka.
Ibigize icyegeranyo bigabanyijemo ibice 3: ubwana, urubyiruko no gukura. Inyuguti zimwe nyuma yongeye kuvuka mu mashusho ya kabiri yamashusho "ulysses". Ku nshuro ya mbere, Joyce yagerageje gutangaza Dublins mu 1909 mu gihugu cye, ariko yanga kuba yaranze. Urugamba rwo kwinjira mu gitabo cy'igitabo cyakomeje kugeza mu 1914, igihe gukusanya amaherezo zacapwe.
Mu 1907, Yakobo yabaye hafi y'umwe mu banyeshuri be - avuka Hector Schmitz, Umuyahudi uhwanye n'ubwenegihugu, umwanditsi n'umugore, abanyamacunge, babaye bayobowe na Iteudonym Italoyvo, Ulysses " Kora ku kazi byatangiye mu 1914 kandi bimara imyaka 7. Igitabo cyahindutse umurimo wingenzi wubuvanganzo mumateka yicyongereza-ururimi rwicyongereza hamwe na Bibliografiya yumwanditsi.
Muri "ulsses" yakoresheje ingendo yubwenge, parody, urwenya nubundi buryo bwo kwerekana inyuguti. Ibikorwa by'ibitabo byari bigarukira ku munsi umwe, ku ya 16 Kamena 1904, kandi byumvikanye na Homerovskaya "Odyssey". Umwanditsi yahuye n'intwari ya kera y'Abagereki ya Ulysses, Penelope na Telecari kuri Dublin bagezweho kandi bakirukana mu mashusho ya Leepold, Paraphen, Parody-gutandukanya na prototypes.
Igitabo cyize ibintu bitandukanye bya metropolitan hamwe no kwibanda kubutumwa bwayo na monotony. Muri icyo gihe, akazi ni ibisobanuro byiza birambuye kumujyi. Joyce yavuze ko niba Dublin yasenyutse mu byago bimwe, ashobora kugarurwa, amatafari hejuru y'amatafari, ku mpapuro z'igitabo.
Igitabo kigizwe n'ibice 18 bikubiyemo hafi isaha imwe yumunsi. Buri gice cyagize uburyo bwo kubwo ubuvanganzo kandi kikajyanye nibyabaye "Odyssey." Igikorwa nyamukuru cyabaye mumitekerereze yinyuguti kandi cyuzuzwa nibibanza byimigani ya kera kandi rimwe na rimwe birambuye.
Igitabo cy'umwami w'Abaroma cyatangiye muri Werurwe 1918 mu kinyamakuru cya New York ", ariko nyuma yimyaka 2 byahagaritswe kubera amahano. Mu 1922, igitabo cyasohotse mu Bwongereza kiri munsi ya Cartridge Harriet Harriet Yerekana umukozi. Igishimishije ni uko bidatinze akazi kabujijwe, kandi kopi 500 z'igitabo cyoherejwe muri Amerika zafashwe zikatwikwa mu gitabo cy'Icyongereza.
Nyuma yo kurangiza akazi kuri "Ulysses", Joyce yari ananiwe cyane kuburyo ntanuye umurongo wa prose. Ku ya 10 Werurwe 1923, yasubiye mu guhanga atangira gukora ku gicuruzwa gishya. Mu 1926, James yararangije ibice 2 bya mbere by'Amashyantare "Abanyamayeni by fiminana", no mu 1939, igitabo cyasohotse burundu. Igitabo cyanditswe muri peculiar kandi gisobanutse Icyongereza, gishingiye kuri, cyane cyane ku gutoza urwego rwinshi.
Igisubizo ku kazi nticyari gidasobanutse. Benshi banenze igitabo kubibi kandi badahari urudodo rumwe rwibivugwa. Abunganira igitabo igitabo, harimo n'umwanditsi Samuel Becket, yavuze ku kamaro k'umugambi n'ubunyangamugayo bw'intwari zo hagati. Joyce ubwe yavuze ko icyo gitabo cyasangamo umusomyi utunganye uzababazwa no kudasinzira, kandi, arangije igitabo, hindukirira urupapuro rwa mbere hanyuma atangira.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1904, Joyce yahuye na Naru Barnacle, umugore wo muri Galue, wakoze umuja muri hoteri. Urubyiruko rwakundaganya kandi hamwe rwavuye muri Irilande bashaka akazi nibyishimo. Ubwa mbere, abashakanye batuye i Zurich, aho Yakobo yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa mwarimu mu ishuri ry'indimi. Hanyuma, Joyce yoherezwa muri Trieste, wari mu ki gihe muri gereza ya Otirishiliya, kandi yariyemeje kohereza umwarimu w'indimi mu Cyongereza mu ishuri, aho abapolisi b'ibitero biteguye.
Mu 1905, Nora yibarutse umwana wa mbere, umuhungu, uwo georio yahamagaye. Mu 1906, arambiwe ubuzima bwa kimwe mu bishanga, Joyce yimukiye i Roma maze atura umwanditsi muri banki, ariko ntiyayikunda aho. Nyuma y'amezi atandatu, James yasubiye i Nore muri Otirishiya na Hongiriya maze abasha kuvuka k'umukobwa wa Lusiya mu 1907.
Imiterere y'imari ya Joyce na Nora yari iremereye. Umwanditsi ntiyashoboraga kwitangira rwose guhanga, nkuko nagombaga kwibeshaho. Yari uhagarariye inganda za firime, yagerageje gutumiza imyenda yo muri Irlande kuri Trieste, yakozwe neza, yatanze amasomo yihariye. Umuryango wafashe imwe muri hantu nkuru mu buzima bw'umwanditsi, nubwo ingorane zose, yagumanye n'umwobo kugeza igihe ubuzima bwe burangiye, nyuma yo kumenyera.
Mu 1907, James yatangiye ibibazo akoresheje iyerekwa, nyuma asabwa ibirenze ibikorwa byo kubaga icumi. Habayeho gukeka ko umwanditsi n'umukobwa we bahuye na Schizofrenia. Basuzumwe kuri Charles Jungs Phychoaatriste, wafashe umwanzuro ko Joyce na Lucia - "abantu babiri boherejwe munsi y'uruzi, kwibira, ikindi kintu."
Mu myaka ya za 1930, ibibazo by'amafaranga byasubiye muri gahunda ya 2 ndashimira kumenyera Joyce hamwe n'umwanditsi w'ikinyamakuru cya Egoig, Harriet Erekana umuserizi. Yatanze inkunga y'amafaranga umuryango w'umwanditsi, hanyuma amaze gupfa, yishyuye umuhango maze aba umuyobozi w'umutungo.
Urupfu
Ku ya 11 Mutarama 1941 Joyce yagize icyo akora muri Zurich kugirango akureho ibisebe bya duodal. Bukeye agwa mu muntu. Ku ya 13 Mutarama 1941 Yabyutse saa mbiri mu gitondo, amusaba umuforomo we guhamagara umugore we n'umuhungu we, mbere yo gutakaza ubwenge. Abavandimwe bari mu nzira igihe umwanditsi yapfa atarenze ukwezi mbere yimyaka 59. Impamvu y'urupfu yari uscer.
Joyce yashyinguwe muri Zurich mu irimbi ryubusa. Mu ikubitiro, umurambo washyinguwe mu mva usanzwe, ariko mu 1966, nyuma yuko abayobozi ba Dublin banze bene wabo uruhushya rwo gutwara ibisigazwa mu gihugu cyabo, Urwibutso rw'umwanditsi rwaremwe mu mwanya we. Nyuma yigihe gito, kuruhande rwikibaho cya granite, aho amagambo yimirimo ya Dublin igezweho, yashyize igishusho, bisa numwanditsi "ulssses".
Amagambo
"Buri gihe nandika kuri Dublin, kuko niba nshobora gusobanukirwa ishingiro ry'imijyi yose yo ku isi" "umva ubwiza bwa muzika - ugomba gutega amatwi kabiri, ndetse no kumva kabiri "" Igitekerezo ntabwo wishyura ifunguro rya sasita - isosi nziza yo kurya "" Umuhanga mutagira umuhanga mutarimo amakosa. Miss ye - nkana "Bibliografiya
- 1904 - "Ibiro ndera"
- 1904-1914 - Dublingy
- 1912 - "Gazi kuva mu munwa"
- 1911-1914 - "JICOMO Joyce"
- 1907-1914 - "" Ishusho yumuhanzi mubuto "
- 1914-1915 - "Abari mu bunyage"
- 1914-1921 - "Ulysses"
- 1922-1939 - "INKINGI ZA FANNEGATAN"