Tari
James Joy - sanannen marubucin Irish da mawaƙi, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan mahimman marubutan karni na 20. Jagora na adabi, ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban zamani, ya zama sanannu godiya ga litattafan "Ulysses" a Finnegano ", kazalika da labarun tarin" Dublins " .Yaro da matasa
Jamesine Augusine Aloie Joyce ɗan ƙasar Ireland ne. An haife shi ne ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1882 a Kudancin Dublin Dublin John Stawislav Johyce da Mary Jane sun aure kuma dan yara 15. Iyalin marubucin na gaba ya faru daga manoma da masu mallakar kamfanin don hakar gishiri da lemun tsami, watakila ya ƙunshi dangantakar daniel O'Connlllor, shahararren rabin karni na 20.
Rashin samun kwarewar kasuwanci da ƙwarewar kasuwanci, Uban marubuci ya canza aikin. A cikin 1893, bayan da yawa layoffs, wanda ya yi ritaya, wanda ya rasa irin abubuwan da ke cikin iyali da yawa, ya tafi Pie ya shiga cikin facin kudi.
Na wani lokaci, John biya na karatun James a makarantar James James, kuma lokacin da kudin suka ƙare, yaron ya koma gida ilimi. A cikin 1893, godiya ga dangantakar Mahaifin Uba, marubucin ya samu wani wuri a cikin Kwalejin Belvedere, inda ya shiga cikin cocin Makarantar Foma aquinas, har zuwa karshen rayuwar Fasali aquinas, har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ta rinjayi shi.
A cikin shekarar 1898, James ya zama dalibi na Kwalejin Dublin jami'ar kuma ya fara koyan Turanci, Faransanci da Italiyanci. Saurayi ya ziyarci a rubuce-rubuce da kuma masu sihiri, ya rubuta wasa, kayan don jaridar gida. A cikin 1900, bita laudatory a kan littafin Henric IBSEN "Lokacin da mu matattu" a lokacin da muka mutu, farkawa "ya zama littafin farko a cikin reviewation na mako-mako na mako 2.
A cikin 1901, Joyce ya rubuta labarin game da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Irish, wanda jami'ar ta ki bugawa. An buga ta a cikin jaridar City "United Irishman", ta haka ne suka gabatar da marubucin ga jama'a.
A karshen kwaleji, Joyce ya tafi Paris don yin nazarin magani, wanda ya yi matukar wahala don fahimta da koyo. Saurayin ya tafi cikin zangon Uba, sau da yawa ya canza sana'a, yana ƙoƙarin neman rayuwa, yana da lokaci mai yawa a cikin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa, ya rubuta waƙoƙi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami labarin cutar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar ta kuma an tilasta wa Dublin.
Littattafai
Tsarin rayuwar Joyce na Joyce ya fara ne a cikin 1904, lokacin da ya yi kokarin buga wani rubutun da ake kira "Hoton Artist". Kayan bai yi kamar masu shefa ba, kuma marubucin ya yanke shawarar sake shi da labari "gwarzo Istafan" wanda ya faru abin da ya faru a kan aikin.
A cikin 1907, Yakubu ya koma kan zane na ba da tabbataccen littafin ba kuma an sake su gaba ɗaya, sakamakon hakan ya bayyana game da farkon rayuwar babban gwarzo na Kakan Stephen, kama da marubucin da kansa a matasansa.
Tun daga 1906, Joyce ya fara aiki a kan tarin labarun 15 da ake kira "Dublins", wanda ainihin hoton rayuwar aji da kuma kewaye a farkon karni na 20. An yi waɗannan lokacin da aka yi waɗancan zane lokacin da kishin Irish ta kasance a cikin ci gaba, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayin farin ciki game da fahimtar mutum game da rayuwa ta rayuwa da tarihi.
Abubuwan tattarawa ya kasu kashi uku cikin sassa 3: yara, yara da balaga. Wasu haruffa daga baya reincarnated zuwa cikin hotuna na biyu na littafin labari "Ulysses". A karo na farko, Joyce yayi kokarin buga dublins a cikin 1909 a cikin mahaifarsa, amma ya sami ƙi yarda. Gwagwarmaya don shigar da hasken littafin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1914, lokacin da aka tattara tarin ƙarshe.
A cikin 1907, James ya kusanci ɗayan daliban - Aron Hector Schritz, wani Bayahude da wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ya zama jigon gwarzo na sabon littafin "Ulysses" dafaffen fure. Yi aiki a kan aikin ya fara ne a cikin 1914 kuma ya dade tsawon shekaru 7. Littafin labari ya zama babban aikin rubutu a cikin tarihin zamani-harshen Ingilishi da litattafan littafi na marubucin.
A cikin "Ulysses" Joyce yayi amfani da kwararar sani, parody, barkwanci da sauran dabaru don gabatar da haruffa. Ayyukan litattafan litattafan da aka iyakance har zuwa rana ɗaya, 16 Yuni, 1904, da kuma ichoed tare da homerovskaya "Oddssey". Marubucin sun sha wahala tsohuwar jarumawa na Girka ta Ulysses, Penelope da Telemach zuwa na zamani-Bloom da kakanin Bloom, Matar sa Merly Bloom da Steakful Bloom da Enamenging da asali prototypes.
Littafin ya yi nazarin wurare daban-daban na rayuwar metroropolitan tare da mai da hankali kan manufa ta da monotony. A lokaci guda, aikin cikakken cikakken bayani ne na garin. Joyce ya yi jayayya cewa idan an lalata Dublin a wasu bala'i, zai iya dawo da shi, bulo akan bulo, a shafukan labari.
Littafin ya kunshi surori 18 da ke rufe kusan awa daya na rana. Kowane lamuni yana da nasa salon rubutu kuma a gyarawa da wani taron "Odyssey." Babban aikin ya faru a cikin tunanin haruffa kuma an inganta shi da mãkirci na almara na gargajiya na gargajiya da kuma wasu lokuta da aka saba da bayanai na waje.
Sihiri littafin ya fara ne a watan Maris 1918 a cikin New York Magazine "Littlearin sake dubawa", amma bayan shekaru 2 an dakatar da shi saboda batsa. A shekarar 1922, an buga littafin a Ingila a karkashin Editor Cartridge Harriet Show Wiper. Abin sha'awa shine gaskiyar cewa ba da daɗewa ba aikin da aka haramta, da kwafin sabon labari da aka aika wa Amurka da ƙone a cikin al'adun Turanci.
Bayan kammala aikin a kan "Ulysses", Joyce ya gaji sosai cewa na dogon lokaci ban rubuta layi na litattafai ba. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 1923, ya koma kerawa kuma ya fara aiki a kan sabon samfurin. By 1926, James ya sauke karatu daga sassan 2 na littafin littafin "Pominics ta Finnegana", kuma a cikin 1939, an buga littafin gaba daya. An rubuta sabon labari a cikin wani peculiar da kuma m Ingilishi, dangane da, bisa galibi kan rikitattun matakan matakan matakan.
A dauki ga aikin ya kasance mai alama. Dayawa sun soki littafin ga rashin lalacewa kuma babu zaren ruwayar. Masu tsaron littafin labari, gami da marubucin Sama'ila Samuel, ya yi magana game da mahimmancin makircin da amincin hotunan manyan hotunan Heroes. Joyce da kansa ya ce littafin zai sami mai karanta mai karanta wanda zai sha wahala daga rashin bacci, kuma, ta hanyar kammala littafin, juya zuwa shafin farko kuma ya sake farawa.
Rayuwar sirri
A cikin 1904, Joyce haduwa da Natu Barnacle, wata mata daga Galaue, wacce ta yi aiki da baiwa a otal din. Matasa suna ƙaunar junan su kuma sun bar Ireland don neman aiki da farin ciki. Da farko, ma'auratan sun zauna a garin Zurich, inda malamin ya jera James a makarantar yaren. Daga nan aka aika da Joyza zuwa Triorce, wanda ya kasance daga Hungary-Hungary a wancan lokacin, kuma an ƙaddara shi ga post malamin Ingilishi a cikin aji, inda jami'an suka yi shiri.
A cikin 1905, Nira ta haifi ɗa na farko, yaron, wanda Georio ya kira shi. A cikin 1906, da gajiya da rayuwar monotonous rayuwa a Triectione, fararencece ta motsa doguwar tafiya Rome kuma ta zama kamar magatakarda zuwa banki, amma bai so shi a can. Watanni shida bayan haka, James ya koma nore zuwa Austria-Hungary kuma ya sami nasarar haihuwar Lucia a 1907.
Halin da ake ciki na Joyce kuma Nora ta yi nauyi. Marubucin ba zai iya ba da gaba ga kerawa ba, kamar yadda na yi rayuwa. Ya kasance wakilin masana'antar fim, yayi kokarin shigo da mayafin Irish zuwa Trieste, ya sanya fassarorin, ya ba da darussa masu zaman kansu. Iyalin sun mamaye ɗayan manyan wuraren da ke rayuwar marubucin, duk da duk matsalolin, ya kasance tare da rami har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, wanda ya zama matarsa cikin shekara 27 bayan saninsa.
A cikin 1907, James ya fara matsaloli tare da hangen nesa, wanda daga baya ya nemi fiye da ayyukan dozin. Akwai zargin cewa marubucin da 'yarsa sun sha wahala daga Schizophrenia. An bincika su a Charles Juns Pysch vactyces, wanda ya yanke hukuncin da Jerla da Lucia - "mutane biyu da aka aiko zuwa kasan kogin, nutse guda.
A cikin 1930s, matsalolin kuɗi da aka ja don shirin na 2 godiya ga sanin Joyce tare da editan mujallar Egoriet, Harriet Nuna Walter. Ta bayar da tallafin kudi ga dangin marubucin, kuma bayan mutuwarsa, ya biya jana'izar kuma ya zama manajan kayan.
Mutuwa
Janairu 11, 1941 Joyce ya sha wahala aiki a Zurich don cire raunukan Duodenal. Kashegari sai ya firgita wani. Janairu 13, 1941 ya farka da karfe 2 na safe kuma ya tambayi mama ya kira matarsa da ɗanta, kafin rasa sani. Dangane da dangi sun kasance a kan hanyar da marubucin ya mutu kasa da wata daya kafin bikin shekara 59. Sanadin mutuwa shi ne jiki na jiki.
Joyace a Zurich a Kabarin Flunter. Da farko, an binne shi a cikin kabarin da aka saba, amma a shekarar 1966, bayan da aka kirkiro a matsayinsu zuwa garinsu, marubucin abin mamakin abin tunawa da aka halicce shi a wurinta. Bayan wani lokaci, kusa da jirgin Granite ya shirya, a kan abin da aka gabatar da maganganu na Dublin Realist, sanya mutum-mutumi, mai kama da marubucin "Ulysses".
Faɗa
"Kullum ina rubuta game da Dublin, saboda idan zan iya fahimtar asalin Dublin, Zan iya fahimtar asalin duk biranen duniya" koyaushe zan iya sauraron ƙawane na duniya "dole ne ku saurari sau biyu - da mata - daga kallo ɗaya "" Tunanin ba ku biya abincin rana ba - mafi kyawun miya a cikin abincin dare "" ƙimar ba ta yin kuskure. Rashin fahimta - da gangan "Littafi daya
- 1904 - "Babban Ofishin"
- 1904-1914 - Dublintsy
- 1912 - "Gas daga mai ƙonewa"
- 1911-1914 - Jarom Junarsa "
- 1907-1914 - "Hoton wani mai fasaha a saurayi"
- 1914-1915 - "Tsarkakewa"
- 1914-1921 - "Ulysses"
- 1922-1939 - "Poms ga Finnegan"