I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance noMlobi uDenis DEORO Ukhumbule umhlaba ngenxa yezenkolo nezobuciko, amanoveli angenayo mayelana nengxenye enkulu yomndeni ye-NUSS, "Encyclopedia, noma ichazayo zesayensi, ezobuciko nezobuciko. " Ukuxhumana kwakhe noSophie Vareen kuyindinganiso yencwadi yothando, eveza ukujula kommeleli onokhahlo, kepha ofanelekile we-France XVIII Century.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Biography kaDeni Didro ithatha ngo-Okthoba 5, 1713 edolobheni laseFrance laseLang. Kwezingane eziyi-7 dierier dibier didro no-angelica ujigron Abane bahlala ebudaleni. UDenis, ukuba ngumntwana osekhulile, wasiza ukuletha odade eDeniz (1715-1797) ne-Angelica (1720-1749), uMfoweth 'uPiera DIEDIER (1722-1787). Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ukufudumala kwawo wonke uDenis baphathwe uDenise, bamthanda, babizwa ngokuthi "uSocrates ngokubukeka kwabesifazane."
Ngiseyingane, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo usuzimisile njengomfundi omuhle kakhulu. Abazali banqume ukuthi umfana uzokhonza isonto. Ngo-1726, uDeni wangena eLouis likaLouis omkhulu wakwaKatolika, lapho kwavuswa khona abapristi, kwabe sekukhuliswa khona abapristi eCollège D'Arcourt. Ukutadisha indawo yonke kanye nendawo yomuntu kuyo, ngo-1732 i-DIDRO yaphothula ekolishi futhi yathola iziqu ze-master ngefilosofi.
Imibono yenkathi yanamuhla, ukubukwa emlandweni wezwe kanye nelungelo eliqondiswe i-doro ukushiya lo msebenzi wompristi futhi kwangena kwi-Faculty of University of Paris. Kamuva, ngo-1749, umFulentshi wadumazeka ngokuphelele enkolweni: udade othandekayo u-Angelica, owayengumnumzane, wabulawa ukusebenza emsebenzini wenkonzo yebandla.
Izincwadi nezinkundla zemidlalo
Isifiso sokuba ngumlobi odlula uDenis DERO ngo-1743, futhi waqala ngokudluliselwa kwesiNgisi usebenza ngesiFulentshi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala - "Umlando waseGrisi" Tamem Garyan (1743), "Dictionary Dictionary" Robert James (1746-1748). Ngo-1745, washicilela "isipiliyoni sesithunzi nobuhle" befilosofi yesiNgisi u-Anthony Shertbury, kodwa ngokuzindla kwakhe.
Ngo-1746, uDroro wakhipha umsebenzi woMlobi wokuqala - "imicabango yefilosofi". Kulomsebenzi, umFulentshi wabonakalisa ukubuyisana kwengqondo enomuzwa futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umuzwa uzoba nzima ngaphandle kokuyala, futhi ingqondo iyadingeka ukuze ilawulwe. Ngesikhathi sokubhala, uDidro walandela imibono kaDesezi, ngakho-ke emsebenzini kunezimpikiswano zokukholelwa ebukhoneni nokugxekwa kobuKristu.
Umqondo wenkolo uthathwa ngokuningiliziwe ku- "Skeptic Walk" (1747). Lo msebenzi uyingxoxo phakathi kwe-desiist, umuntu ongakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi ophanga ngohlobo lobunkulunkulu. Isifiso sithembela empikiswaneni ye-teleological, owayengakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona uchaza imvelaphi yendawo yonke ye-physics, amakhemikhali kanye nezikhulumi, uPantheist uthi uNkulunkulu ungobumbano lwengqondo nendaba.
"Ukuhamba ngokuhamba" kwashicilelwa kuphela ngo-1830: Amaphoyisa endawo asongela ukushiswa kwe-dido eshisa umbhalo wesandla nokuboshwa esimweni sokusakazeka kwalesi "sihlubu". Usongo lwenziwa ngo-1749 - incwadi ethi "Incwadi Ephathelene Nezimpumputhe Kulabo Ababona Ifilosofi Ebukhali E-Vensene Ejele. EChamber eyodwa, uDidoni wawunawo kuphela "oyipharadesi olahlekile" kaJohn Milton, emasimini amanothi ashiye amazinyo esokunxele kanye ne-carcass eyenzekayo. Isiphetho sahlala kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Novemba.
Ngo-1750, uDidodo waba ngumhleli wencwadi enkulu yaseFrance eyinhloko ye-EPCH yokukhanyiselwa - "Encyclopedia, noma isichazamazwi esihlakaniphile sesayensi, ubuciko nezobuciko." Iminyaka engu-16 yokusebenza encwadini kaDenis, wabhala izihloko ezingamakhulu amaningana mayelana nomnotho, Mechanics, Filosofi, Ifilosofi, Ezepolitiki Nenkolo. UJean-Jacques Russo, voltaire, uCharles Louis de Montcape nezinye amaFulentshi amakhulu asebenze ngasohlangothini ne-Didro.
IHhovisi LaseHidro likaDroro ladlula ama-28 kwezingu-35 amavolumu "Encyclopedia". Ukubambisana nomshicileli u-Andre Le Breton kwaphela, ngoba akazange adonse ama-"ayingozi" acabanga ngezihloko ngaphandle kolwazi lomcabangi. Uma kucatshangelwa lo mthetho ngokukhaphela, isazi sefilosofi sasakazeka ngokusebenza kanzima.
Ngawo-1750s, i-Frenchman iheha incwajana yeshashalazi futhi ifakazela imidlalo eminingana enikezelwe ezihlokweni zomndeni. I-Drama "Indodana Evulelekayo" (1757) isho isihloko sezingane ezingekho emthethweni, kanye 'nobaba womndeni "(1758) ngumsebenzi we-autobiographical ekukhetheni umkakhe ekubhekeni kwenhliziyo, futhi hhayi isicelo sikababa.
Ngesikhathi se-dido, ithiyetha yahlukaniswa yaba phezulu (okungukuthi, inhlekelele) kanye nephansi (okungukuthi, amahlaya). Isazi sefilosofi azange samukele uhlelo olunjalo futhi 'indida umlingisi' wabhala ukuthi ama-aristocrat asempilweni kunezikhathi zokuzijabulisa, indoda empofu idabukile. Emsebenzini, uqhamuka "nohlobo olubi", oluqhuma umngcele phakathi kwenhlekelele namahlaya.
Ngokungeziwe ezinkolweni zefilosofi, zisebenza ku-ART ("Salons"), idlala, uDrole wabhala ubuciko. Ukhiye yi-Novel "Jacques-Fatalist kanye nomnikazi Wakhe" (1765-1780), inkhulumomphendvulwano "iRamo Nefi" (1760s), le ndaba "Nun" (1780). Futhi i-peru doro ingeyama-aphorims amaningi, kufaka phakathi isitatimende sezitebele "zezitebhisi", esisho ukuthola impendulo efanelekile okwamanje lapho isikhathi sesivele siphuthelwe yiwo.
I-Biography kaDeni DEORO ihlobene kakhulu neRussia, okungukuthi noCatherine II Great. Njengoba ufunde ngobunzima bezimali zesazi sefilosofi saseFrance esinethalente, i-Empress yasikisela ukuthenga umtapo wezincwadi ayibuyise umholo onomholo we-1000 lemivres ngonyaka. Ukhokhele i-dido eneminyaka engama-25 ezayo.
Ngo-Okthoba 1773, umFulentshi wafika eSt. Petersburg futhi wahlala eRussia izinyanga ezi-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, uDido noDoro no-Catherine II bahlangane cishe nsuku zonke. Efuna ukuheha ukunakwa kwe-Empress emicabangweni yawo, isazi sefilosofi samshaya ngezinyawo.
Encwadini eya eMaria Jofren, umnikazi we-salon yamaFrance, uCatherine wabhala ukuthi ngemuva kwezingxoxo noDidro, wayenombhishontshi omnyama okhalweni.
Enye yezihloko eziphambili zengxoxo ukuguqula iRussia ibe yisimo esihle, ukwakhiwa kwe-Utopia. Ekaterina omkhulu, ngokusobala, wabheka umcabango we-didro engenangqondo. Ebhaleni kanye ne-posomat-uPhilioPpe Segür, i-Empress yabhala ukuthi uma ilandelwa imibono, khona-ke iRussia izobhekana neziyaluyalu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1743, isazi sefilosofi sahlangana noChampion we-Anna-Antoinette (1710-1796) - intombazane engafundile evela ekilasini eliphansi, elithi, kanye nonina, lalihlala endlini efanayo ne-Didro. Nsizwa, efuna ukushada naye, wacela imvume kuYise. UDidier akazange aphikisana nombono weNdodana, kodwa ngathola "ukubhala ngophawu", okungukuthi, ukuboshwa okungaphezulu kwe-denis. Umlobi walolwa esigodlweni sezindela zamaKarmeli.
Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, uDidini wabaleka wathumela ngokushesha incwadi ethandekayo, ephetha umbuzo omkhulu - ngabe u-Antoinette wavuma ukushada. Le ntombazane yaphendula ngokwenqaba: yayingafuni ukuxhumana nomndeni ayengajabule ngayo. Kodwa-ke, kamuva umfo waseFrance washintsha umbono. Ngobusuku bukaNovemba 6, 1743, uDroro noChampion bashada ngasese kwelinye lamasonto eParis, ukuxazulula umshado ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali. Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ubaba uDenis wafunda ngomshado weNdodana yakhe yonke iminyaka eyi-6 kamuva.
Izingane ezine zazalwa emshadweni. Amazibulo, u-Angelica, azalwa ngo-Agasti 14, 1744, nenyanga nesigamu, Septhemba 29, afa. UFrancois Jacques namadodana kaDeni-uLaurent nabo bafela ebuntwaneni. UMariya Angelica (1753-1824) waba yimntwana kuphela osindayo (1753-1824), oqanjwe ngegama umama nodadewethu abaseFrance. Waba odumile njengodokotela wezinsimbi zomculo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu i-doro yancenga futhi ingaphandle komshado. Phakathi kwamaphutha akhe umlobi uMadeleine de Puezier, indodakazi yabadlali baseFrance uJeanny Catherine de Igama langempela le-mademoiselle Vulan - uLouise-Henrietta, kanye nesidlaliso uSophie sanikeza uDoro, ancomeka ukuhlakanipha kwemicabango yakhe. Ekuqaleni, akukho lutho owazi ukubhaliswa ngo-1755, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuphenduka inoveli ngezincwadi, futhi kwaphela ngo-1784, ngokufa kukaSophie.
Ngenxa yezinombolo zefilosofi uqobo, kuyaziwa ukuthi wathumela izincwadi zikaSophie 553, 187 wafinyelela isikhathi sethu. Bahlangabezana nezingcaphuno, bememeza ngobuqiniso bemizwa:
"Ngiyakuthanda njengoba ungathanda kanye kuphela, futhi ngaphandle kokuthi ngeke uthande muntu."Hlukanisa izinhlamvu, kusuka kuSophie kuya eDidro, akuzange kulokuvikelekile, njengoba le ntombazane ibukeka njengeyinto, le ndaba ithule. Kuthiwa umngane wezefilosofi edonsa isithombe se-Madmoiselle Vuitor esihlokweni sencwadi kaHorat. Ngemuva kokushona kukaDero, i-Ekaterina II yathenga yonke imitapo yayo yonke, futhi isithombe esingaqondakali asitholakalanga.
Ukushona
Ngonyaka we-71 wokuphila, usindile uSophie Vave izinyanga ezi-5, uDenis DERO ushona ngoJulayi 31, 1784 kusukela emphysema wamaphaphu.
Isidumbu sangcwatshwa esontweni laseSt. Roha, kepha ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa kwesiFulentshi ngo-1789, wonke amathuna ethempelini awonakaliswa. Manje indawo ngqo yezinsalela zefilosofi ayaziwa.
Amacaphuna
Nikeza isifungo sobuphofu - kusho ukuhamba ukuze ube yivila nesela. Uyemukelwa ebumsulweni - kusho ukumbombisa uNkulunkulu ukuthi aphazamise njalo imithetho yakhe ehlakaniphile futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. Nikeza Ukulalela - kusho ukulahla ilungelo lomuntu elingathandeki - kusuka kwinkululeko. Uma umuntu egcina isifungo sakhe - uyisigebengu uma wephula - uyisifungo. Impilo esigodlweni sempilo yomuntu oshisekayo noma sobuzenzisi. Iziphuzo eziphuzayo. Amalungelo abuhlungu awela okungajwayelekile futhi ajwayelekile ekutholeni okuvamile.Ukusebenza
- 1746 - "Imicabango Yefilosofi"
- 1747 - "Walk Skeptic"
- 1749 - "Incwadi Engaboni Kulabo Abangabona"
- 1750-1766 - "I-Encyclopedia, noma isichazamazwi esichazayo sesayensi, ubuciko kanye nezobuciko"
- 1751 - "Incwadi Ephathelene Nezithulu Nokufa"
- 1757 - "Indodana Evulekile YaseMelika"
- 1758 - "Baba Wemindeni"
- 1759-1781 - "Salons"
- 1763 - "" Umshana WamaRamo "
- 1771-1778 - "Jacques-Fatalist kanye Umnikazi Wakhe"
- 1780 - "Nun"