UNikolai Gummilev - Ibhayiloji, iifoto, ubomi bomntu, imibongo kunye neencwadi

Biography

UNikolai Gummilev, imibongo yakhe yayirhoxisiwe kunyango lwesibini lwe-1920s, yayingumfanekiso womfanekiso obhaliweyo owakholelwa ngokunyaniseka ukuba iLizwi lobugcisa alinakukwazi ukuphembelela iingqondo zabantu, kodwa zinokuguqula eyona nto ijikelezileyo.

Uyilo lwembali yeminyaka yesilivere exhomekeke kwiVidiyo yakhe yeHlabathi, apho umbono wombhiyozo womoya phezu kwenyama yayiyindima ebalaseleyo. Kubo bonke ubomi, ophumelelayo wayeqhuba phantsi kwiimeko ezinzima, ezinzima ngesizathu esinye esilula: kuphela ngexesha lokwanda kwethemba kunye nelahleko kwimbongi yenze impembelelo yenyani.

Ubuntwana noLutsha

Ngo-Epreli 3, 1886, uStepan Yakovlevich Gumontisov kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uAnna Ivanovna abazalwa nguNyanali, owayebizwa emva kukaNikolai. Intsapho yayihlala kwidolophu yezibuko laseKroannst, kwaye emva kokurhoxa kwentloko yosapho (1895), bafudukela eSt. Njengomntwana, umbhali wayengumntwana obuhlungu kakhulu: Intloko yemihla ngemihla yazisa uNicholas kwi-Frenzy, kunye nokwandisa imvakalelo kwizandi, ivumba kunye nezinto ezimbi zenza ukuba ubomi bakhe bube bunganyamezeleki.

Ngexesha lokucaphukisa, inkwenkwe yayixinezelekile ngokupheleleyo kwindawo kwaye iqhubeka iva. Ulwimi lwakhe olubhaliweyo lubonakalisiwe xa wayeneminyaka emithandathu. Emva koko wabhala i-quallains yakhe yokuqala "i-niagara." UNikolai wafika kwi-Tsarsko ye-PSERSKO YENKONZO YO-1894, kodwa wayefunda apho kuphela iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngenxa yembono yakhe ebuhlungu, i-gumlev yaphinda yagculelwa ukuba ihlekiselwe kwinxalenye yoontanga. Ukuze bangayonakalisa i-thyhed yomntwana kunye nengqondo yomntwana, abazali esivela kwisono babe kude nonyana wakhe ukuba baye kufundela.

Ngo-1900-1903 usapho lwe-Gumileve luchithwe kwi-tifli. Apho, ngoonyana bakaSwean no-Anna Lungisa impilo. Kwiziko lemfundo lendawo, apho imbongi yaqeqeshwa khona, umbongo wapapashwa "ndabalekela kwihlathi ukusuka ezixekweni ...". Emva kwethuba, usapho lwabuyela kwilali yasebukhosini. Apho uNikolai waphinda wafunda kwindawo yokuzivocavoca. Ayizange iqhutywa kude nezayensi zesahluli. Ke i-Gumlev yayixakekile ngumsebenzi we-Nietzsche kwaye ichithe lonke ixesha lokufunda umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngenxa yezinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka, uNicholas waqalisa ukubaleka kakhulu emva kwenkqubo. Kuphela yimizamo yomlawuli we-Gymnasium - imbongi-ishumi elinantanda-gen-I.f. Annensky-Gumilev kwiNtwasahlobo ye-1906 ikwazile ukufumana isatifikethi sokuqola. Unyaka ngaphambi komcimbi, incwadi yokuqala yemibongo ye-nicholas "yendlela yeConmeladodus" yapapashwa ngokwesiseko sabazali.

Uncwadi

Emva kweemviwo, imbongi yayiya eParis. Kwikomkhulu laseFrance, watyelela izifundo ngokugxekwa koncwadi eSorbonne kwaye wayelawula kwimiboniso yemizobo. Kwilizwe elingumbhali Marseille Porusti humilev "therius" (amagumbi ama-3 aphuma). Enkosi kuBryos Gumilev, ndandinethamsanqa lokuqhelana noHippius, kunye ne-merezhkovsky, namhlophe. Ekuqaleni, iinkosi zazingathandabuzeki ngomsebenzi weNicholas. Lo mbongo "u-Androgin" wanceda abasebenzi abangama-craby babonayo ukuba babone ubuchule beGumilov kwaye batshintshe ingqumbo kwinceba.

NgoSeptemba 1908, impumelelo yaya eYiputa. Ngeentsuku zokuqala zokuhlala phesheya, wazikhokela njengondwendwela kubakhenkethi oqhelekileyo: vavanya ukubona izinto, wafunda inkcubeko yezizwe zalapha ekhaya kwaye wathengiswa nguNayile. Xa kuphelile imali, umbhali waqalisa ukulamba kwaye walala esitratweni. Ngokubanzi, kodwa obu bunzima azange bakhulule umbhali nangayiphi na indlela. Ukuxoka kubangele ukuba iimvakalelo ezizodwa kuyo. Ukubuyela kwakhe kwilizwe lakhe, wabhala imibongo emininzi, wabhala imibongo kunye namabali ("I-RAT", "umsitho", "iHines", "inqanawa").

Bambalwa abantu ababaziyo, kodwa iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kohambo, wenza umjikelo wemibongo ebizwa ngokuba "yi-carcein". Umjikelo wawunemisebenzi emine edibanisa umbono opheleleyo wokuhamba. Ukunxanelwa kweyona nto ibalulekileyo ityhafile iGumilov ukuya kufunda emantla eRussia. Ngexesha lokuthandana nesixeko saseViemorsky (1904) emlonyeni womfula, imbongi yabona iHieroglyphs ifakwe kwithambeka elityelweyo. Wayeqinisekile ukuba uyifumene incwadi ye-Legendir Stone, ethi, ngokutsho kokukholelwa, ifumene ulwazi lokuqala lwehlabathi.

Kwisicatshulwa esiguquliweyo, uGumilev wafunda ukuba umlawuli weFAB wangcwatyelwa kwisiqithi seMbutho yaseJamani yonyana wakhe, nakwesiqithi somzimba waseRussia - umfazi. Ngoncedo lomlawuli uGumilev, ucwangcise uhambo e-Archipelago, apho wavula ingcwaba lakudala. Apho wafumanisa ukuba i-quahborean eyodwa "yeHyreyborenan".

Ngokwembali, iNikolai yesibini ikhuphe ubunini be-balrina matarde ksshenskaya. Izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba umbulelo usalele kwi-cache yendawo ye-KShesin kwiSt. Petersburg. Kungekudala emva kohambo, ikamva lombhali onomphandi we-fattical welizwekazi elimnyama - i-vasimic vaslov radlov. Imbongi ikwazi ukweyisela igqirha nge-enethologist ukuba abhalise umncedisi wakhe kwihambo yeAbyssina.

NgoFebruwari 1910, emva kohambo oluqhutywa eAfrika, wabuyela kwilali yasebukhosini. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imbuyekezo yakhe ibangelwa sisifo esiyingozi, ekwenzeni ukwehla kukaMoya kunye nemibongo yeshumi emiselweyo kwakungekho mkhondo. Ukuphelisa ukusebenza ngokuqokelelwa kwemibongo "yeperile", iproset yaphinda yaya e-Afrika. Ukusuka kuhambo, wabuya ngoMatshi 25, 1911 kwi-curble yehle yococeko.

Usebenzise ukurekhoda ekunyanzekisweni kokuyila iindlela eziqokelelweyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiingoma ze-Absyssina, ezazibandakanyiwe ekuqokeleleni "i-Alien Sky". Emva kohambo oluya eSomalia, umbongo wase-Afrika "uMick" wabona ukukhanya.

Ngo-1911, i-Gumilev yamisa "ivenkile yeembongi", ezibandakanya abameli abaninzi be-Russia (Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Narbut, Sergey Gorodetset). Ngo-1912, uGumimov wabhengeza ukuvela kwendlela entsha yobugcisa - i-aqmemeism. Imibongo ye-aqmeistov ogqithisileyo, ibuyisa ubungqola kunye negesi yesakhiwo sembongi. Kwakuloo nyaka, ii-Aqmerists zavula eyabo iNdlu yoPapashi "hyperbori" nemagazini yegama elinye.

Kananjalo i-Gumlev njengomfundi yabhaliswa kwiDyunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg kwisebe lembali neliPhilosskogy, apho wafunda khona imibongo ye-Starofrazuz.

Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala itshabalalisa zonke izicwangciso zombhali-gumilev ziye ngaphambili. Ukuba nesibindi, kubonakaliswa ngexesha lobutshaba, wayephakanyiswe kwinqanaba legosa kwaye wanika i-george ezimbini ze-george. Emva kovukelo, umbhali wazisa ngokupheleleyo imisebenzi yoncwadi. NgoJanuwari 1921, uNikolai Stepanovich waba ngusihlalo weSebe le-Petrogradsky yeSebe lonke - iManyano yaseRussimu, kwaye ngo-Agasti walo nyaka, uMatrit wavalelwa wangena elugcinweni.

Ubomi Buqu

Umfazi wokuqala - uAnki Akhimatov - Umbhali wadibana ngo-1904 kwibhola ezinikezelwe kumbhiyozo we-Ista. Ngelo xesha, umfana oselula wazama ukuxelisa isithixo sakhe saseSkar Wilde: Wayenxibe isilinda, enyanzela iinwele zakhe kwaye ecacisa kancinci imilebe yakhe. Sele ngonyaka emva kokuba umntu endimaziyo, wenza inxenye yesicelo sakhe kwaye, wafumana ukwala, wangena kuxinzelelo lwethemba.

Ukusuka kwimbali yebhayiloji yenkulungwane yeSilute, kuyaziwa ukuba ngenxa yokusilela kwi-Thando engaphambili, imbongi yayizama ukunciphisa amanqaku ngobomi. Inzame yokuqala yanikwa iverati ye-palatical engekho mthombe. Intaba iCavalier yaya kwisixeko saseSpa, apho wayeceba ukuba i-roy. Izicwangciso zabagxeki zazingamiselwanga ukuzaliseka: ezinye zayamkela uNikolai kwiVagala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Vo yamapolisa kwaye, endaweni yokuya kwindlela yokugqibela, umbhali waya ezindaweni.

U-Uzrev ekungaphumeleni kwakhe uthethe, iproce ibhalile ileta yeAkhmatova, apho waphinda wamenza. UAnna waphinda waphendula ngokwala. Intaba eHilev yabulala, wagqiba kwelokuba agqibe iqalile: Wayamkela ityhefu kwaye walinda ukufa kwihlathi le-boulogo laseParis. Umzamo kwakhona wajika waguqula umdla wakhe olihlazo: Emva koko umzimba wakhe wathabatha amahlathi alumkileyo.

Ekupheleni kuka-1908, uGumilev wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, apho wayeqhubeka khona efuna indawo yoonongengude. Ngenxa yoko, umntu oqhubekayo wafumana imvume emtshatweni. Ngo-1910, esi sibini sasitshatile saya kuhambo lomtshato esiya eParis. Apho, ababhalisi babenenoveli enesaqhwithi kunye nomculi u-Amedeo Modiglianina. UNikolay, ukuze ulondoloze usapho, ukunyanzelisa ukubuyela eRussia.

Kunyaka emva kokuzalwa konyana wengonyama (1912-1992), le yenzekile kubudlelwane bamaqabane: ukungakhathali kunye nokubanda ngaphandle kokuthatha konke ukutshatisa. Ngelixa uAna kumjikelo wempangelo onikezwe iimpawu zokuthathela ingqalelo kubabhali abancinci, uNikolai wakhangela ukuphefumla ecaleni.

Kule minyaka, umThetho waseMeyer Theathe Vysotskaya waba yimeko yombhali. Abantu abancinci badibana ekuweni kuka-1912 kumbhiyozo wesikhumbuzo se-Konstantin Balmont, kwaye ngo-1913 unyana kaGumileva wavela emhlabeni - obanjwayo, ubukho bayo.

I-polacy kwizimvo zothando zikhokelela kwinto yokuba ngo-1918 Ahmatov kunye neGumilev yaqhekeka. Ndizikhulule kwimingxunya yobomi bosapho, imbongi yadibana nomfazi wakhe wesibini - uAnna Nikolaevna Engelgarst. Ngomntu onoburharha, umbhali wadibana neentetho zikaBrucedov.

I-protoporaries prosaizela ibhiyozele ubudenge bentombazana. NgokukaVevolod, iKrisimesi, uNicholas wayibeka kwisiphelo esifileyo, engenalo lonke uluvo lomgwebo. Umfundi wombhali uIrina Odiintev uthe oyintloko yeMatrinze ingeyiyo kuphela, kodwa kwakhona ukukhula kwabonakala ngathi yintombazana eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Umfazi wombhali nentombi yakhe u-Elena wasweleka kwindlala ngexesha le-blobrad. Abamelwane baxelela ukuba uAnna wayengenakusuka kubuthathaka, kwaye iigundane zitya kangangeentsuku ezininzi.

Ukufa

Ngo-Agasti 3, 1921, imbongi yabanjwa njengokuphumeza i-Interhevik yombutho we-Petrograd "v. tagansev". Oogxa bakhe kunye nabahlobo bombhali (i-mikhail lozinsky, i-anatoly luunacharsk, i-nikolai otup) babezama ukungavumi i-nikolai ye-wikolai emehlweni enkokheli yelizwe kwaye basindise ekuvanweni. Umhlobo osondeleyo weNkokeli yeHlabathi ye-protalim gorky nayo ayizange ihlale kude: Wabhengeza i-lenin kabini ngesicelo sokuxolelwa kweGumon, kodwa uVeladimir Illie wayehlala ethembekile kwisigqibo sakhe.

Ngo-Agasti 24, isigqibo se-pettrograd Gubbf malunga nokuphunyezwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba 'kwi-Teantevsky iye yapapashwa, kwaye ngoSeptemba 1, 1921, i-nikolai ye-petrogradkaya, apho iNikolai I-Gumilev yayilishumi elinesithathu.

Imbongi yayiphethe ingokuhlwa yakhe yokugqibela kwi-mug yoncwadi, ijikelezwe ngulutsha lwakhe lobutsha. Ngosuku lokuthinjwa, umbhali, njengesiqhelo, wema kunye nabafundi emva kwezifundo kwaye wabuyela ekhaya ezinzulwini zobusuku. Umlaleli wacwangciswa kwindlu yeProsaik, eya kuthi mama engayazi ngawo umama wayengakwazi.

Emva kokuvalelwa elugcinweni kwileta eyayibhekiswa kwinkosikazi yakhe, umbhali wamqinisekisa kwinto engakhathazeki ngantoni, wacela ukuba amthumele uTmik Plato kunye necuba. Ngaphambi kokuphumeza uGumilev udonga lwekhamera:

"Nkosi, ndixoleleni izinto zokugqibela."

Emva kweminyaka engama-70 ukusweleka kwembongi edumileyo, izixhobo ezingqina ukuba iyelenqe lalinyibilika ngokupheleleyo ligosa le-NKVD YKOV Agranov. Ngenxa yokungabikho kolwaphulo-mthetho ngo-1991, umbhali wavalwa ngokusemthethweni.

Engaziwa ngakumbi, apho kungcwatywa umbhali. Ukusuka kumazwi omfazi wangaphambili kaProsauik Ana Anna Ahmatova, ingcwaba lakhe likwisixeko saseVevolozhsk kufutshane neBernger Cellillery Polygon. Kukho kwiibhanki zomfula uLobya, kwaye unanamhla kukho umnqamlezo ongalibaleki.

Ilifa lembali yeentsomi zeSilutel ligcinwe kwimibongo nakwiproses. Ngo-2007, imvumini i-wikolai soskov yafaka isicatshulwa sombongo wobugcisa bobugcisa "monatonous ..." watyhila ubume beLizwe " .

I-Bibliography

• "Don Juan e-Egypt" (1912);
• "Umdlalo" (1913);
• "I-Aktelen" (1913);
• "Amanqaku e-cavalery" (1914-1915);
• "Jikelele ezimnyama" (1917);
• "Gonda" (1917);
• "Umntwana uAllah" (1918);
• "Umphefumlo nomzimba" (1919);
• "I-francisan" (1902);
• "Kwiindonga zendlu engenanto ..." (1905);
• "Ixesha elide, Intliziyo yakhathaza ..." (1917);
• "Yothuka" (1907);
• "Andiphili iintyatyambo ..." (1910);
• "Iglavu" (1907);
• "I-SKEY-EBONAKALISEKILEYO" (1917);
• "Caldong" (1918);
• "Ngamanye amaxesha ndibuhlungu ..." (1905);
• "Indudumo yasebusuku kwaye imnyama" (1905);
• "Entlango" (1908);
• "Ubusuku baseAfrika" (1913);
• "Uthando" (1907)