Richard III - Chithunzi, mbiri, moyo waumwini, chifukwa cha imfa, Mfumu ya England

Chiphunzitso

Mfumu ya ku England Richard IIi malamulo a dzikolo zaka 2 (1483-1485), koma kuposa mafudzi ena aku Britain adasiyidwa zonse m'mbiri komanso m'mabuku. Zankhanza zamagazi a mfumu yomaliza yochokera ku plants, yemwe adakwera pampando wachifumu, akutsuka manja ake ndi magazi a adzukulu, ndikuyika woyamba wa Thomas Mandpespeare . Kutsatira kalasi, Richard III adatchuka kwambiri ngati mawu olemba, ngwazi ya ma seweroli komanso mbiri yakale, olemba omwe akuyang'ana chowonadi chotsutsana kwambiri cha ku Britain.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

Richard adabadwa pa Okutobala 2, 1452 munyumba yachifumu ya Photoopasa ku Northampyshire. Mwana wakhandayo ndiye gulu la ana a Richard a Richa (mbadwa ya Mfumu Edward III) . Amayi amtsogolo mfumu yamtsogolo - Cecilia Neville, woimira Chingelezi.

Abale ndi alongo a Richard adamwalira kuyambira ali wakhanda. Anakulira ndi wochepera zaka za Margarita ndi George mu mfumu. Abale Akuluakulu Edmind ndi Eduard adakhala nthawi zonse ndi Atate wa gulu lankhondo lolimbana ndi ofiira.

Richard anali ndi zaka 8 pamene bambo ake anamwalira pankhondo ya ku Shorfal pamodzi ndi Edmund. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1461, Edward, nkhondo ya Tauton, yogonjetsedwa ndi Lancaster, idasinthira ndege Henry VI ndikudziwonetsa Yekha Iv England.

Lamulo la mchimwene wachikulire limapereka mutu wa Huke wa Sloouceter. Pafupifupi sanadziwe Atate, anayamba kutumikira mfumu mokhulupirika, mosiyana ndi mchimwene wake wa George (Duke Clarence), omwe pambuyo pake adzaumbidwa kuti ndi Woukira ku Mati wachifumu ndikuphedwa mu 1478. Chingerezi oganiza za Chingerezi Thomas mome, ndipo pambuyo pake adafotokoza Richard ku Herncleck yemwe anali wopanda mphamvu kwambiri wokhala ndi olemba mbiri yakumanzere, yomwe pambuyo pake zidatsitsidwa ndi olemba mbiri yakale.

Masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti Richard anali woonda, wautali kutalika. Ma Scolid sloliosis adasiya msana wake, ndipo phewa limodzi linali lalikulu kuposa linalo. Aristocrat anali ndi maso abuluu ndi tsitsi la blonde, wotumbululuka, nkhope ina yaying'ono. Zithunzi za Duke sizikhalapo, zodalirika zokhazo zomwe zili m'khoto zokongoletsa, zidapangitsa zaka 25 pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Achichepere adapangana mwamphamvu ndikusungidwa pachishalo, izi zimawonekeranso ndi kutenga nawo mbali koyambirira pankhondo. Mu 1471, Richard wazaka 19, wazaka 19, anathawa limodzi ndi mfumu ku Holland. Atasonkhana apa ndi gulu lankhondo la Mercenaries, abalewo anali kutsutsana ndi Lanieli, ndipo pomaliza anawabwezera kunkhondo ku Barnet ndi Tücbury, Holor Eduard - Kalonga Eduard. M'chaka chomwecho, Heinrich VI ku Tower adaphedwa.

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Lancaster, Edward IV pafupi atachoka ku ziweto, ndipo Richard adapatsa ofesi ya malo opumira akumphepete mwa nyanja, akuvutika ndi kuwonongeka kwa Scottish. Ndipo mpaka kumwalira kwa Mfumu mu 1483, a Duke Glokerter adakhala m'zinthu Zake, osawonekera ku Khothi.

Gulu lankhondo ndi gulu lankhondo

Imfa ya wazaka 40 Edward IV pa Epulo 9, 1483 zinali zodabwitsa kwa aliyense. Komabe, zidapezeka pambuyo pake, zidachokera ku zifukwa zachilengedwe. Eduard ndi agogo ake aamuna, oyambitsa Edmund Langley - a Yorkors okhawo omwe samafera imfa mwankhanza. Mfumu yatsopanoyo nthawi yomweyo idalengeza mwana wamwamuna woyamba kubadwa - wazaka 12, yemwe ali ndi zaka 12 wa Mfumu (mwa ana 10 a mfumu adapulumuka ndi amuna 2 ndi Richard).

Achibale a mfumukazi Elizabeth Woodville Woodville adayamba kutsekedwa kuti regncy kwa mwana wamwamuna wamwamuna walowa m'manja. Komabe, malinga ndi kufuna kwa mfumu, otsogolera ku Kalonga adasankhidwa kuti amalume ake agwedezeka a duke agwedezeka. Kumbali yake, nthumwi za ulemu waukulu - Mtsogoleri wa Bakham ndi Yehova amadana, ndani sankafuna zotsetsereka nkhuni. Amalemba nthawi yomwe ndege ya Richard.

Chinthu choyamba chomwe Richard adachita - kalonga wogwirizana ndi zitsogozo za amayi amayi. Eduard v, pamodzi ndi Mbale Richard, adasamukira ku Nyumba yanyumba yachifumu, ndipo Elizabeti adabisira Westminster Abbey. Kukula kwa mfumu yatsopano idasankhidwa pa June 22, 1483. Komabe, m'malo mwake, okhala mu ufumuwo adalandira chowonadi chodabwitsa: Mlaliki wa ku London James akuwonetsa mwanzeru kuti ana a Edward IV anali oyenera mpando wachifumu.

M'malo mokomera mawu awa, a bishopu a batsky adalankhula, zomwe zidazindikira kuti mgwirizano wa Edward IV ndi dona Eronor Batler Woodville Woodville, Tenconchet idayamba kugwira ntchito, ndikupanga ukwatiwu kwenikweni zosaloledwa. Kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mutsimikizire kuti ndi oona kuti ponena zowona za zomwe zidanenedwa: za ESomwe Mfumu ya Satoloma ndi kuchuluka kwa malingaliro ake adapita nthano.

Munthawi uno, Richard adakhalabe wolowa wovomerezeka, chifukwa George anaphedwa, ndipo ana ake aamuna analibe ufulu pa mpandowachifumu chifukwa cha zolakwa za Atate. Chifukwa chake pa Julayi 6, 1483, a Duoke movekedwa momveka bwino ku Westmester Abbey Abbey, akudzikhululukira Richard III, mfumu ya England. Ana a Edward Iv adalengeza ndi Bastards adapita ku nsanja, komwe kunalibe ndende, koma imodzi mwa nyumba, ndipo palibe amene adawawonapo. Anthuwo adabowola mphekesera kuti anyamatawa adaphedwa ndi dongosolo la amalume, koma malingaliro awa sanatsimikiziridwepo.

Pambuyo pa kuwongolera, Richard adayamba kuyenda mozungulira umwini kuti athe kuwalumidwa kwa wolamulira watsopano, kenako ndikuyamba kutentha kukwaniritsidwa. Kukhala wandale wandale, analimbitsa ntchito zankhondo komanso zowonjezera milandu. Pambuyo pake, anali kulakwitsa kusintha kwachuma: Kugonjetsedwa Kugonjetsedwa, Kuchulukitsa msonkho wowonjezera, kubweza msonkho kuti uteteze ogulitsa a Chingerezi pampikisano. Bolodi yake lalifupi kwambiri lidawonetsa kukondwerera kwa moyo wachikhalidwe.

Zonsezi sizinasangalale ndi adani, kuphatikizapo kale. Ngati Ambuye akudana ndi kuperekedwa ku ufumu, ndiye kuti Mtsogoleri wa Baukham adayamba kumanga mbuzi limodzi ndi Elizabeth Woodville atangokwera York pampando. Tandem Hostpirators adaganiza zoyimitsa ku Heinrich Thundor mu mphamvu ya Edward IV - Elizabeth York.

Mu Okutobala 1483, anthu ophika Samngham anaukitsa m'mizinda ingapo ya Ufumuwo. Koma Richard III amamuyesa mwaluso, ndipo ndinalandira mphoto yayikulu pamitu ya opanduka. Posakhalitsa Sakingham adagwidwa, ndipo mu Novembala, Kaznen. Ndi malingaliro omwewo ku Margarita Beaufort ndi Lol Stanley - amayi ndi abambo opeza a Heinrich Tudor - adapulumuka. Zotsatira zake, pachabe. Mwina zingapulumutse moyo wa Richard.

M'zaka zotsatira, mfumuyo idamwalira ndi anthu awiri oyandikira kwambiri - mwana wamwamuna m'modzi wa Eduard ndi mkazi wa Anna Neville. Mfumuyo idakumana ndi tsoka lidachitika, malinga ndi adaniwo, chandamale chabwino. Ndipo mu Ogasiti 1485, kupita patsogolo mothandizidwa ndi France ndi gulu lankhondo pafupifupi 5,000,000 lomwe linali ku Wales. Richard anasunthira kunkhondo, napambana mdani pofika 2. Akuluakuluwo adagwirizana ndi tawuni ya Bosworth, komwe ku August 22 ndi nkhondo yomwe idachitikira.

Imfa

Tsiku lankhondoli lidayamba kwa York ndi mbiri zoyipa - mzake wamphamvu kwambiri mbuye Stanley ndi kuwerengera Norgemberland adampereka ndikusamukira kumbali ya adani. Pozindikira zomwe zimapita ku imfa yoyenera, Richard adapita kumunda wakutha kwa nthambi zokha, limodzi ndi ankhondo okhulupirika.

Mfumuyo inaganiza zogonja m'khamulo wa okwerawo mozungulira chiberekero chozungulira ndi nthambi. Kuyenda matalala a matalala, iye amapita ku cholinga, koma apa adapita kukaukira ku Stunles Stanley. Anakweza mbadwa yomaliza ya magomedwe kuchokera ku kavalo adachotsedwa ndi asirikali aku Heinrich.

Thupi la mfumu lidamizidwa pa kavalo ndikuyenda m'misewu ya wolembera pazomwe akuvala, kenako, monga wamba, adazithamangitsa mu nyumba yakutali ya a Spancscaans. Kwa nthawi yayitali, panali imodzi mwazomwe ikuwononga nyumba ya amonke pokonzanso Heinrich VIII mtsinje wa Suinrich.

Nkhondo ya Bosworth idatha ndi kupambana kwa Tudor, Tsogolo la Henry VII - mbadwa zopanda nyumba ya nyumba ya Lancaster (amayi ake a Margarita adawerengera kuti Mlongo Wachimuna Henry Van Very. Chifukwa chake, nkhondoyi inali yodutsa ndi maluwa oyera. Ndipo mzera wa Tudror unagwira mpando wachifumu wachingelezi kwa zaka 118.

Moyo Wanu

Kumayambiriro kwa 1470s, Richard adakwatirana ndi Anne Neville - mwana wamkazi wamng'ono kwambiri wa chithunzi champhamvu cha Richard Neville pa Warwick - Delo Mafumu. Poyamba, bambo anga adalandira mwana wake wamkazi ndi nyumba yanyumba ya Doncaster - Edward, Prince Wal. Koma ataphedwa mkwatiyo, a YORK kunkhondo ku Tuksbury, mwana wamwamuna wamasiye amatengera lingaliro la Hike of Glouceter.

Mu 1473, Anna ndi Richard anali ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Eduardgem. Amanenedwa za ana apathengo a ana a York - John Gloloucenter ndi Pulasititi ya Katerina. Anabadwa ukwati wa Duke, umunthu wa mayi wawo sadziwika. Pambuyo pake, mfumuyo inakonza moyo wa ana owonjezereka - Yohane adadzipereka ku zozungulira ndipo adakhala wankhondo, ndipo mwana wake wamkazi akwatiwa. Olemba mbiri yakale amati atakwatirana ndi Anna Richard anali wokhulupirika kwa mkazi wake.

Wolowa m'bwalo la Richard III - Eduard - adamwalira mosayembekezereka mu Epulo 1484. Ndipo chaka chamawa, Anna Neville adamwalira, kuvutika ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Ndipo ngakhale aliyense kubwalo anadziwa kuti mfumukaziyo yadwala kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa mkhalidwe wakewo, Richard adaimba mlandu Anna ndi kufuna kukwatiwa ndi Akuluabeth IV).

Komabe, mafumu alibe moyo wandekha, ndipo Richard asankha kuwulula ukwati mokondweretsa Boma, akutumiza zopereka za Juan Chipwitikizi, King Zhuana IIY. Komabe, ukwatiwu sunakhalenso woti uchitike.

Kukumbuka

Olemba mbiri amakono amazindikira kuti umunthu wa Richard II, monga mbiri yake, yokutidwa ndi nthano zambiri. Palibe zaka za zana limodzi lomwe amakhulupirira kuti chithunzi cha buku lomalizali ndi lingaliro la zoyipa ndi nkhanza. Munjira zambiri, izi zidaperekedwa ndi olemba mbiri yakale idalowa nawo mpando wachifumu wa mzera wamfumu wa Tudror.

Maonekedwe a wolamulira woyipa komanso wamagazi a They the Earnew amafotokoza zofooka zawo zokha. Kuphatikiza apo, pamapeto pake adapanga chithunzi chosamveka cha nthawi ya nthawi ya Richard - bwana Thomas, yemwe ulamuliro wake sunayambitse kukayikira. Anatsatiridwa ndi Shakespeare, yemwe anali atathetsa mbiri ya Richard. Zopeka zaluso: Zolemba zapamwamba: za mkanganowo pa kusala kwa chiwonongeko cha mkazi wake.

Modabwitsa, pazaka zambiri, ngakhale ndi zaka zambiri, chidwi cha umunthu wa Richard si Ugas. Kutsutsana kwa umunthu wa mfumu kudakhazikitsidwa pa ntchito zambiri: mafilimu, mabuku, magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku A Melodram kwa mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi.

Pambuyo pa zotsala za Richard III zimapezeka ndikuzindikiridwa mu 2014, ndizosatheka kuyembekeza kuphulika kwina koperekedwa ku mbiri yakale kwambiri.

Malembo

• William Shakespeare Richard III
• Robert Lewis Stevenson "muvi wakuda".
• Simoni Bire "Anna Neville"
• Anna O'Brien "wosalakwa Mkazi wosalakwa"
• Maryhan Palmer "White Val"
• Gin Cididi "wachita chisoti chachifumu"
• Cynthia Harrod-IGLZ "LAMENE" (Buku "Pudnish")
• Svetlana Kuznetsova "Richard III"
• Josephine Tey "Mwana wamkazi wa nthawi"
• Patrick Carlton "Pansi pa Veprem"
• B. Hanyan "Richard Grace wa Mulungu"
• M.Hoking "Yemwe amapereka mfumu"
• Chikhulupiriro Kamshi "Mbiri ya Arisia"
• Sharon Kay Fanman "dzuwa muulemerero"

Mafilimu (monga Richard)

• 1955 - Richard III (Lawrence Olivier)
• 1962 - "Malowedwe aimfa" (mtengo wa Vincent)
• 1985 - "muvi wakuda" (Alexander Pureppenko)
• 1983 - "Black Viguka" (Peter Cook)
• 1995 - Richard III (Ian McCEllen)
• 1996 - "Pofunafuna Richard" (Al Pacino)
• 2013 - "Mfumukazi yoyera (zernard)
• 2016 - "" Korona wopanda "(Benedict Cumbelbatch)