I-Biograge
Inkosi yaseNgilandi uRichard III yemithetho yezwe eminyaka emi-2 (1483-1485), kepha ngaphezu kwamanye amakhosi aseBrithani ashiye umkhondo ngobabili emlandweni nasezincwadini. I-Osttrocistities enegazi leNkosi yokugcina kusukela ngohlobo lwama-planagenets, akhwela esihlalweni sobukhosi, ageza izandla ngegazi lomshana kanye nomhlophe we-rose ebomvu, achaze uThomas Ma noWilliam Shakespeare . Ukulandela ama-Classics, uRichard III wathandwa kakhulu njengohlamvu lwemibhalo, iqhawe lemidlalo namanoveli omlando, ababhali abasafuna iqiniso ngombusi ophikisana kakhulu waseBrithani.Ubuntwana nentsha
URichard wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 2, 1452 enqabeni yePhotoingA eNorthamptonshire. Lowo osanda kuzalwa waba ngabantwana abangu-12 bakaRichard PlaterNet, i-Duke of York (inzalo yenkosi u-Edward III), eyayivulwa ngempi u-Aloi kanye nama-roses amhlophe, waphikisana nendlu kaLancaster ebusweni beHeinrich VI . Umama we-monarch yesikhathi esizayo - uCecilia Neville, omele i-oda le-Noble English.
Iningi labafowethu nodadewabo bakaRichard bafa ebuntwaneni. Wakhulela lapho umncane ngokwengeziwe eneminyaka engu-Margarita noGeorge eSteerman. Abafowethu abadala u-Edmund no-Eduard bachitha ngaso sonke isikhathi nobaba emikhankasweni yezempi ngokumelene ne-roselet rose.
URichard wayeneminyaka engu-8 ubudala lapho kufelwa uyise empini eWakefield ndawonye no-Edmund. Ngemuva konyaka, ngo-1461, u-Edward, ngemuva kwempi kaTauton, wanqoba uLancaster, waphenduka indiza uHenry VI wamemezela njengeNkosi eNgilandi u-England Edwaland IV.
Ukubusa komfowethu osekhulile kwaletha uRichard isihloko sikaDuke waseGloucester. Cishe wayengamazi ukuthi uBaba, waqala wakhonza ngokweqiniso inkosi, ngokungafani nomfowethu omncane uGeorge (Duke Clarence), ozosolwa ngokuvukela umbuso kahulumeni futhi wabulawa ngo-1478. Umcabangi wesiNgisi uThomas Mor, namlandela, uShakespeare wachaza iRichard eya e-Hunchback engasebenzi kahle ephansi ekhethwe ngakwesobunxele, okwakuphikiswa kamuva yizazi-mlando.
Namuhla kukholakala ukuthi uRichard wayencanyana, ukuphakama okuphakathi. I-scoliosis ethuthukisiwe ethile yalimaza umgogodla wakhe, futhi ihlombe elilodwa laliphakeme kunelinye. I-aristocrat yayinamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezinwele zikaBlonde, ubuso obukhulu. Imidwebo ye-lifeline ye-Duke ayikho, okuwukuphela kokwethenjelwa isithombe esisesimweni se-arcooke, senze iminyaka engama-25 ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
I-Duke Young Debec Fises ephelele futhi igcinwe esihlalweni, lokhu kufakazelwa ukuhlanganyela kwakhe kokuqala emikhankasweni yamasosha. Ngo-1471, uRichard oneminyaka engu-19 wabalekela kanye nenkosi eHolland. Njengoba uqoqele lapha ngebutho lama-mercenaries, abafowethu baphikisana nokuvukela kabusha kukaLancaster futhi ekugcineni babaphuca izimpi eBhernet naseTüxbury, babulala indlalifa kuphela ohlwini lwezitha - IPrince Eduard. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uHeinrich VI eMbhoshongo wabulawa.
Ngemuva kokuwa kukaLancaster, u-Edward IV wacishe wasuka kude nezinsizwa, futhi uRichard wanikeza iHhovisi lamazwe aseNyakatho Elingapheli, ehlushwa ukuhanjiswa kweScotland. Futhi kuze kube sekufeni kweNkosi ngo-1483, i-Duke Gloucester yahlala ezimpandeni zayo, ingaveli enkantolo.
Ibhodi kanye nemikhankaso yezempi
Ukufa kwe-Edward eneminyaka engu-40 i-IV ngo-Ephreli 9, 1483 kwamangala wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, kwavela kamuva, kwaqhamuka ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo. U-Eduard nomkhulu wakhe omkhulu, umsunguli we-Edmund Langley Dynasty - okuwukuphela kwabakwa-Yorkor abangafeli ngokufa okunobudlova. Inkosi entsha yamemezela masinyane indodana endala ye-Edward v e-Edward v (ezinganeni eziyi-10 zenkosi yasinda kwa-7, kwawo madodana amabili - u-Edward noRichard).
Izihlobo zeNdlovukazi engumfelokazi u-Elizabeth Woodville ziqala ukuvalwa ukuthi umpheme wendodana encane wangena ezandleni zakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngokwentando, eshiywe yiNkosi, i-Guardian ePrince yaqokwa kaMalume Duke Gloucester. Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, abamele ubukhosi obukhulu - isibusiso saseBasherham neNkosi Hashibo, ababengafuni ukubalwa kukaWoodville. Bakhulisa ukuqokwa kweRichard Regent.
Into yokuqala uRichard akwenzayo - isikhulu esibiyelwe yithonya lezihlobo zomama. U-Eduard v, kanye nomfowethu uRichard, wathuthela ukuba ayohlala esigodlweni, futhi u-Elizabeth wayefihlekile eWestminster Abbey. Ukubuyiselwa kwenkosi entsha yaqokwa ngoJuni 22, 1483. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sakhe, izakhamizi zoMbuso zamukela iqiniso elishaqisayo: Umshumayeli waseLondon uJames waveza ukuthi amadodana ka-Edward IV ayengekho emthethweni futhi angeke alungele isihlalo sobukhosi.
Umusa walesi sitatimende, umbhishobhi waseBatsiky wakhuluma, owabona ukuthi isivumelwano somshado saphetha phakathi kwe-Edward IV kanye neLady Eleonor Batler, kanye nesikhathi sokushada senkosi e-Elizabeth Woodville, inkontileka yaqhubeka isebenza, yenza lo mshado, okwenza lo mshado, wenza lo mshado, wenza lo mshado, wenza lo mshado, wenza lo mshado, wenza lo mshado wecala empeleni akukho emthethweni. Isikhathi eside sokukholisa abalindile ekubeni yiqiniso kwalokhu okushiwoyo: NgeNkosi ye-sostroma u-Eduard nesibalo sezinto ezingabazi bakhe babehamba ngezinganekwane.
Kulesi simo, uRichard wahlala eyifa elisemthethweni kuphela, ngoba uGeorge wabulawa, futhi amadodana akhe ayengenalungelo lesihlalo sobukhosi ngenxa yamacala kaYise. Ngakho-ke ngoJulayi 6, 1483, i-Duke yathweswa umqhele kaWestminster Abbey, ukuzimemezela i-Richard III, inkosi yaseNgilandi. Amadodana ka-Edward IV amemezele ama-bastards ahamba eThebhuri, ngaleso sikhathi ayengelona ijele, kodwa elinye lamahlali, futhi akekho owake wawabona. Abantu bakhasa amahlebezi okubulawa abafana ngokuhleleka kombusi kamalume, kepha i-hypothesis le ayizange ibonakale.
Ngemuva kwe-coronation, uRichard waqala ukuhamba wazungeza ubunikazi ukuze izihloko zisheshe zisheshe, bese ziqala ukufakwa kwezinguquko. Ngokuyinhloko ungosopolitiki, waqinisa impi futhi wathuthukisa amacala asemthethweni. Emva kwalokho, wayelapha ngephutha izinguquko emnothweni: Ukuhlulwa okukhanseliwe, ukuhweba okunwetshiwe, ukwenyuka kwentela yokungenisa, ukwenyuka kwentela yokulwa nokuvikela abathengisi besiNgisi ekuncintisaneni. Ibhodi lakhe elifushane libuye labeka ukuchuma kwempilo yamasiko.
Konke lokhu akuzange bakuthande ezitheni, kufaka phakathi ababambisene nabo. Uma iNkosi isabulawa ngenxa yokukhaphela phambi kokubukelwa umbuso, khona-ke uMbusi waseBasherham waqala ukwakha imbuzi kanye no-Elizabeth Woodville ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhuphuka kwesihlalo sobukhosi. AbakwaTandem Conspirators banqume ukubeka i-heinrich tyudor emandleni, igrafu richmond, ishada ngendodakazi endala u-Edward IV - u-Elizabeth York.
Ngo-Okthoba 1483, abantu baseBasherham baphakamisa ukuvukelwa emadolobheni amaningi embusweni. Kepha uRichard III wamcindezela ngekhono, futhi ngabeka umvuzo omkhulu wamakhanda wabavukeli. Ngokushesha kwathunjwa iBasherham, kwathi ngoNovemba, uKaznen. Ngokwesimo esifanayo ekubhekeni kweMargarita Beaufort kanye neNkosi Stanley - Umama nobaba wokutholwa kaHeinrich Tudor - abaleke isijeziso. Njengoba kwenzeka, ngeze. Mhlawumbe bekuzosindisa impilo kaRichard.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, inkosi yasinda ekufeni kwabantu ababili abaseduze - okuwukuphela kwendodana ka-Eduard nomka-Anna Neville. Inkosi etholwa yinhlekelele yaphenduka, ngokwezitha, ilitshe eliphelele. Futhi ngo-Agasti 1485, inqubekela phambili ngokusekelwa kweFrance nebutho elicishe kube yizinkulungwane ezifika eWales. URichard wathuthela ebuthweni, edlula isitha ngamahlandla ama-2. Amaqembu avuseleleka eduze kwedolobha laseBosworth, lapho u-Agasti 22 nempi enqumayo yenzeka.
Ukushona
Lolu suku olubulalayo luqale nge-york ngezindaba ezimbi - ama-comrades akhe anamandla amakhulu we-stanley kanye ne-matumberland ekhaphele emkhaphele futhi wathuthela ohlangothini lwesitha. Lapho eqaphela okuya ekufeni okulungile, uRichard waphuma emkhakheni wakwaBrani wedwa, ehamba namabutho athembekile.
Inkosi yanquma ukuba yashayisana nesixuku sabagibeli bazungeze uHenrich noHenriit osondelene naye. Ukuhamba ngesichotho sokushaqeka, wacishe wafinyelela umgomo, kepha lapha baya ku-Knights Knights Stanley. Ukhuphule inzalo yokugcina yama-planagenets avela ehhashini yaklebhulwa amasosha aseHeinrich.
Isidumbu sikaMonarch sasigxile ehhashini sangena emigwaqweni yaLenter ngenxa yobumnandi besihle, bese kuba njengabafana, bashise esigodlweni sezindela ezikude zaseFranciscans. Isikhathi eside, kwakukhona enye yezinguqulo zokuthi, lapho ebhubhisa isigodlo sezindela ngesikhathi sonyaka wokuvuselela ama-Anglican uHeinrich VIII, izinsalela zoRichard zaphonswa emfuleni iSuare.
Impi yaseBosworth yaphela ngokunqoba kukaTudor, ikusasa likaHenry VII - inzalo engaqondile yendlu kaLancaster (umama wakhe uMargarita ibalwa udadewethu wesibili uHenry VI). Ngakho-ke, impi yayingama-roses asemthethweni namhlophe. Futhi i-Tudor Dynasty yabamba isihlalo sobukhosi sesiNgisi iminyaka engu-118.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1470s, uRichard washada no-Anne Neville - indodakazi encane yegrafu enamandla kaRichard Neville eNicknamed Warwick - Delo Amakhosi. Ekuqaleni, ubaba wathola indodakazi yakhe inendlalifa kuphela endlini yeLancaster - u-Edward, Prince Wales. Kepha ngemuva kokubulawa koMkhwenyana, eYork empini eTuksbury, inkosazana engumfelokazi yamukela isiphakamiso se-Duke of Gloucester.
Ngo-1473, u-Anna noRichard babenendodana ka-Eduard MildingGem. Kubikwa mayelana nezingane ezi-2 ezingekho emthethweni zaseNork - UJohn Gloucester kanye noKaterina Plategenets. Bazalwa phambi komshado kaDuke, ubuntu baba ngunina alaziwa. Kamuva, inkosi yahlela impilo yezingane ezingemuva - uJohn wanikezelwa emaqenjini futhi waba yindoda yezempi, nendodakazi yakhe yashada. Izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi ngemuva kokushada no-Anna Richard kwathembeka kumkakhe.
Indlalifa esemthethweni eRichard III - u-Eduard - washonela ngokungalindele ngo-Ephreli 1484. Futhi ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Anna Neville washona, ehlushwa isifo sofuba. Futhi yize wonke umuntu egcekeni bebazi ukuthi indlovukazi yayagxeka kakhulu, ngaphandle kwesimo sayo yathukuthelisa ukushona kwendodana, indodakazi yomfowethu u-Eduard IV).
Kodwa-ke, amakhosi awanakho impilo yomuntu siqu, futhi uRichard unquma ukwembula umshado ngezinhloso zombuso, wathumela ukunikezwa kukaJuan Portuguese, King Zhuana II udade. Kodwa-ke, lo mshado wawungabe usamiswa ukuba yenzeke.
Ukukhumbula
Izazi-mlando ezinamuhla zifika esiphethweni sokuthi uRichard III's ntfole, njenge-biography yakhe, embozwe ezinganekwaneni eziningi. Alikho minyaka eyikhulu leminyaka owayekholelwa ukuthi isithombe sePlasunenet yokugcina singumuntu obi nesihluku. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukwahlulelwa okunjalo kwabekwa ngabahlali bahlale kanye nesihlalo sobukhosi seTudor Dynasty.
Ukuvela kombusi omubi nokwegazi wombuso wangaphambilini wokuhlobisa ukungapheleli kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekugcineni waqala ukwakheka okungathandeki kwesimanje sikaRichard - uSir Thomas Mor, ophethe igunya lakhe alizange libangele ukungabaza. Walandelwa nguShakespeare, owayekade ebhekise umlando kaRichard. Inganekwane yobuciko: I-classic yabeka inkosi yecala lokubhujiswa kanye nobuthi benkosikazi yakhe.
Ngokumangazayo, ngokumangazayo ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngisho nangasena ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, intshisekelo yobuntu beRichard akuyona u-Ugas. Ukuphikisana nobuntu benkosi kwasuselwa kwimisebenzi eminingi: amafilimu, izincwadi, ukusebenza kohlobo oluhlukile kunabo bonke - kusuka ku-melodram kuya kubatholi abaziseti abalotshwe ngababhali bamazwe amaningi omhlaba.
Futhi ngemuva kwezinsalela zikaRichard III zitholakele futhi zikhonjwe ngonyaka ka-2014, kuphephile ukulindela okunye ukuqhuma okunye ukuqhuma okunikezelwe kumuntu ovimbayo.
Into yokufunda
- UWilliam Shakespeare Richard III
- URobert Lewis Stevenson "umcibisholo omnyama".
- USimon Vilar "u-Anna Neville"
- U-Anna O'Brien "Umfelokazi Ongenacala"
- UMaryan Palmer "White Wear"
- UGin Pleidi "Uhlaselwe Umqhele"
- I-Cynthia Harrod-Iglz "Dynasty" (Book "Podkinish")
- USvetlana kuznettova "Richard III"
- UJosephine Tey "Indodakazi Yesikhathi"
- UPatrick Carlton "ngaphansi kwe-veprem"
- B. Hannyan "Umusa ORichard"
- M.Hoking "Lowo ozikhipha enkosini"
- Ukholo Kambi "IziKronike ze-Arcia"
- USharon Kay Fanman "ILangeni Elinkazimulo"
Amafilimu (njengeRichard)
- Ngo-1955 - URichard III (uLawrence Olivier)
- Ngo-1962 - "Umbhoshongo Wokufa" (Intengo Vincent)
- 1985 - "Umcibisholo Omnyama" (Alexander Filippenko)
- 1983 - "IBlack Viguka" (Peter Cook)
- 1995 - URichard III (Ian Mccellen)
- 1996 - "Ukufuna iRichard" (Al Pacino)
- 2013 - "I-White Queen (Anyrin Barnard)
- 2016 - "Umqhele ongenalutho" (Benedict Cumberbatch)