Biography
Mambo weEngland Richard III yeMariro Enyika Makore 2 (1483-1485), Asi zvinopfuura mamwe madziongi eBritain akasiya nzira mbiri munhoroondo uye mumabhuku. Hunhu hweropa wamambo wekupedzisira kubva kurudzi rwechisungo, akakwira chigaro chake neropa remuzuguru, chena akarondedzera Thomas Ma naWilliam Shakespeare . Kutevera zvinyorwa, Richard III yakakurumbira sehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, gamba remitambo uye nhoroondo dzenhoroondo, ivo vanyori vemo vachiri kutsvaga chokwadi nezve mutongi weBritain zvakanyanya.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Richard akazvarwa muna Gumiguru 2, 1452 mune iyo nhare yePotoringe muNorthamptonshire. Iye achangozvarwa aive mueni wevana gumi nevaviri veRichard Platagene, iyo Duke yeMambo Edward ii), iyo yaisaziviswa muhondo Aloi uye machena maruva, akapokana neimba yeLancaster kumeso kwe heinrich vi . Amai venguva yemberi monarch - Cecilia Neville, mumiriri wechibvumirano chechirungu.
Vazhinji vehama nehanzvadzi dzeRichard vakafa mukucheya. Akakurira neanonyanya kuoma pazera ramargarita uye George mu steerman. Hama dzakura dzedundundremund neEduard dzakapedza nguva dzese kuna Baba vari mumhirizhonga yemauto pamusoro petsanga rosimuka.
Richard aive nemakore masere apo baba vake vakafa muhondo vachimhanya pamwe chete naEdmund. Kwapera gore, muna 1461, Edward, mushure mekurwa kweTauton, akakunda Lancaster, akashanduka kuita kutiza Henry VI uye akazvizivisa saMambo England edward Iv.
Mutemo wehama yakura wakaratidza Richard musoro weDuke weGloucester. Akapotsa angaziva Baba, akatanga kushandira mambo akatendeka, kusiyana nemunin'ina wechidiki George (duke Clarence), izvo zvichapomerwa kuHurumende uye kuurayiwa muna 1478. Chirungu chinotaridza thomas mor mor, uye shure kwake, Shakespeare akarondedzera Richard kuenda kuHurunchback akaderera ane mweya wakasarudzika naSarudza kuruboshwe, iyo yakazotaurwa nezvevanyori venhoroondo.
Nhasi zvinofungidzirwa kuti Richard aive akaonda, akareba. Iyo yakagadziridzwa scoliosis yakadzikira kuti yakaremara musana wake, uye pfudzi rimwe raive rakakwirira kupfuura iro. Iyo Aristochrat yaive nemaziso ebhuruu uye bvudzi rakasvibirira, rakachenuruka, kumeso kwakarongeka. Mifananidzo yepamoyo yemudhiza haipo, iyo chete iyo chifananidzo chiri muhupamhi hwemukati, waita makore makumi maviri nemashanu mushure mekufa kwake.
Mudiki Duke akanyatsosunga uye akachengeta muchigaro, izvi zvinoratidzwa nekutora chikamu chake chekutanga mumakwikwi ehondo. Muna 1471, Richard ane makore 19 akatiza pamwe chete namambo muHolland. Sezvo akaunganidza pano nehondo yevakashambadziri, hama dzakapokana neLancaster revuki uye pakupedzisira dzakavapinza muhondo kuBarnet uye tüxbury, kuuraya mugove wevavengi. Muchinda Ekuard. Mugore rimwe chetero, Heinrich VI muSongwe akaurayiwa.
Mushure mekudonha kweSancaster, Edward Iv Ave akafamba achibva kune hutsva, uye Richard akapa kuhofisi yenzvimbo dzisina kuchamhembe, achitambura neScotland Raid. Uye kusvika pakufa kwamambo muna 1483, iyo Duke Gloucster yakagara pazvinhu zvake, kwete kuoneka paruvanze.
Bhodhi nemushandirapamwe wemauto
Rufu rwegore makumi mana emakore edward iv musi waApril 9, 1483 zvakashamisa kune wese munhu. Nekudaro, zvakazoitika gare gare, zvakabva kuzvikonzero zvakasikwa. Eduard uye sekuru vake, muvambi weDamund Langgle Dynasty - iyo chete yaKork of Hafe yerufu rwechisimba. Mambo mutsva akabva azivisa mwanakomana wedangwe wokupedzisira - Ekupedzisira-makore gumi nematatu emambo akapona makumi manomwe, eiyo 2 vanakomana - Edward naRichard).
Hama dzemuMambokadzi weChifeking Elizabheti Woodville yakatanga kuvharwa kuti renzvimbo yemwanakomana mudiki akapfuura mumaoko ake. Nekudaro, maererano nezvaanoda, kusiiwa namambo, muchinda akagadzwa kuberekwa kwake babamunini. Kumuratidziro, vamiriri vekwavo kukudzwa kukuru - Duke reBhaikhami uye naIshe makungwa, vasingade zvekukwirira kwematanda. Ivo vakapinza musangano weRichard Regent.
Chinhu chekutanga chakaitwa naRichard - Muchinda akasungirirwa kubva pesvedzero yehama dzevakuru. Eduard v, pamwe chete naHama Richard, vakatamira kuti vagare mumuzinda, uye Erizabheti akange anavanda kuWestminster Abbey. Curoniation yemamongi matsva yakagadzwa muna June 22, 1483. Nekudaro, panzvimbo yake, vagari vemuHumambo vakagamuchira chokwadi chinotyisa: Muparidzi weLondon James inoratidza chokwadi chakazivisa kuti vanakomana vaEdward IV vaisiri pamutemo uye vasingakwanise kuitirwa chigaro.
Mukuda uku, bhishopi weBatsky akataura kuti chibvumirano chemuchato chakagumiswa pakati peEdward Iv uye mudzimai eyekuroora wamambo muElizabhethi Woodville, chibvumirano chakaramba chiri simba, kuita kuti imba iyi chaizvo zvisiri pamutemo. Kwenguva yakareba yekubvuma Londoners muchokwadi chezvakange zvataurwa: Pamusoro peSostoma Mambo Etaradhi uye nhamba yematombo ake yakafamba ngano.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Richard akaramba ari mugari wenhaka chete, nekuti George akaurayiwa, uye vanakomana vake havana kodzero yechigaro chaBaba. Saka musi waChikunguru 6, 1483, duke yakachena korona yakakomberedzwa neWestminster Abbey, achizvizivisa Richard III, mambo weEngland. Vanakomana vaEdward Iv vakazivisa neBastards vakaenda kuTound, iyo yakanga isiri mutirongo, asi imwe yevagari vemo, uye hapana munhu akambozvionera. Vanhu vakatsvaira runyerekupe rwekuti vakomana vakaurayiwa nekurongeka kwemutongi waXabamunini, asi iyi hypothesis haina kumbobvira yaratidzwa.
Pashure pekuwirirana, Richard akatanga kufamba achitenderera muridzi wemunyika kuti zviverengeke kuti zvidzidzo zvive zvichimukira mutongi mutsva, uye ipapo nekupisa kwakatanga kuitwa kwekuchinja. Kunyanya kuve wezvematongerwo enyika, akasimbisa uto uye akavandudza mafambiro epamutemo. Mushure meizvozvo, iye aive asina kukanganisa shanduko muhupfumi: Yakabviswa Kukundwa, yakawedzera kutengeserana, yakawedzera mutero yekudzivirira vatengesi vechiRungu kubva kumakwikwi. Bhodhi rake pfupi rakaratidzawo kuwanda kwehupenyu hwetsika.
Zvese izvi hazvina kuifarira kune vavengi, kusanganisira iyo yekare inobatana. Kana Ishe achikurumidza kuurayiwa pakatengeswa pamberi peConation, saka mutungamiriri weBhaikham akatanga kuvaka mbudzi pamwe naErizabheti Woodville pakarepo mushure mekukwira kweiyo York pacho cheIkiri pachigaro. Vareverengi veTandem vakasarudza kuisa Heinrich twoudor mu Simba, Graph Richmond, kuroora mumwe mukumwe mwanasikana mukuru Edward IV - Elizabeth York.
Muna Gumiguru 1483, Bikikam vanhu akasimudza kumukira mumaguta akati wandei eUmambo. Asi Richard iii akamumanikidza nehunyanzvi, uye ndakagadza mubairo mukuru kune vakuru vevapanduki. Munguva pfupi, Bikinghami akatapwa, uye munaNovember, Kaznen. Nemafungiro mamwechete kune Margarita Beaufolate Beaufort naShe Stanley - amai uye baba vokurera veHeinrich Tudor - vakapukunyuka kurangwa. Sezvazvakaitika, pasina. Zvimwe yaizonoponesa hupenyu hweRichard.
Mumakore akazotevera, mambo akapona parufu rwevanhu vaviri vepedyo - Mwanakomana woga weEdhadhi nemukadzi waAnna Neville. Mamambo akasangana nedambudziko rakazoita, maererano nevavengi, iyo yakakwana chinangwa. Uye muna Nyamavhuvhu 1485, kufambira mberi nerutsigiro rweFrance neine zviuru zvishanu zvehondo mauto akavezwa muWales. Richard akatamira kuhondo, achipfuura muvengi na2. Mapato akabvuma pedyo neguta reBosworth, uko Nyamavhuvhu 22 uye kurwa kwakasanangura kwakaitika.
Rufu
Zuva iri rinouraya rakatanga neY York neyenhau dzakaipa - Rakanyanya runyararo Solds naStanberland vakamutengesa uye vakatamira kudivi remuvengi. Achiziva chii chinoenda kurufu rwakanaka, Richard akabuda panjodzi yebranti chete, achiperekedzwa nevarwi vakatendeka.
Mambo akafunga kuparara muboka revatasvi vakatenderedza mate akapoteredzwa uye akapwanya cudor. Kufamba nepakati pechimvuramabwe, akapotsa kusvika chinangwa, asi apa vakaenda kunorwisa Knights Stanley. Akasimudza wedzinza rekupedzisira remapuranga kubva pabhiza rakabvarurwa nemauto eHemplich.
Muviri wemamambo wakanyudzwa pane bhiza ndokudzingira mumigwagwa yevanonzi vanonakidza pakureba, uyezve, semunhu anowanzoita, ivo vakapisa mumamongi ari kure eFranciscans. Kwenguva yakareba, pakanga paine rimwe remashanduri okuti, kana achiparadza monasti panguva yekudzorerwa kweAnglican yeHerlican yeHerlican viii, zviripo zveRichard akadonhedzwa muRwizi rweSuar.
Hondo yaBosworth yakapera nekukunda kweTudor, Iyo ramangwana reHenry VII - NZIRA YEMAHARA yeImba yeLancaster (mai vake Margarita account yechipiri Henry VI). Saka, hondo yakanga iri pamutemo uye machena maruva. Uye madzishe eTudasty akabata chigaro cheChirungu kwemakore 118.
Hupenyu Hwako
Pakutanga kwe1470s, Richard akaroora Anne Nene Nene Neville - mwanasikana wokutanga weGraph Graphard Neville paNicknamed Warwick - Delo Kings. Pakutanga, baba vangu vakawana mwanasikana wavo neyega mudyi wenhaka weGoricaster imba yaLancaster - Edward, muchinda wales. Asi mushure mekuponda kwechikomba, yorks muhondo paTabserbury, chirikadzi chirikadzi yakatora chirevo cheiyo duke ye gloucester.
Muna 1473, Anna naRichard vaive nemwanakomana weDeyeard Middlem. Inonzi vana vaviri vasiri pamutemo veYork - John Gloucster uye Katerina Platagenets. Vakazvarwa pamberi pemuchato wemudhudhi, hunhu hwaamai vavo hachizivikanwe. Pashure paizvozvo mambo, mambo akaronga hupenyu hwevana vekunze kwevana - John wakatsaurirwa kuma knights uye akava mumwe murume wemauto, uye mwanasikana wake aive achiroora. Vanyori venhoroondo vanoratidza kuti mushure mokuroora naAna Richard aive akatendeka kumukadzi wake.
Mugari wenhaka wepamutemo weRichard III - Eduard - zvisingatarisirwi akafa muna Kubvumbi 1484. Uye gore rinouya, Ana Neville akafa, achitambura kubva ku tuberculosis. Uye kunyangwe vanhu vese vari pachivanze vaiziva kuti mambokadzi airwara zvakanyanya, kunze kwechimiro chake chakanyanya kukura kufa kwemwanakomana, Richard akatanga kuroora kana kuroora kana kuroora kana kuroorwa neIye Eriard IV).
Nekudaro, madzimambo haana hupenyu hwega, uye Richard anosarudza kuratidza imba mune zvinodiwa zveHurumende, kutumira iyo yeJuan Portuguese, King Zhuana ii hanzvadzi. Nekudaro, imba iyi yakanga isisiri yakatarwa kuti iitike.
Ndangariro
Vanyori venhau dzazvino vachiri kuita mhedziso dzinosvika pamhedzisiro yekuti Richard III Hunhu hwaIi, seboka rake, rakafukidzwa mune dzimwe ngano zhinji. Hakuna zana remakore rakatenda kuti mufananidzo weiyo yekupedzisira plangent ndeye munhu wokutanga kweuipi uye nehutsinye. Munzira dzakawanda, kutonga kwakadaro kwakarongedzwa napasirii vakabatana nechigaro cheushe cheturutor.
Kuonekwa kwoWakaipa uye mutongi weropa weaichimbova dzimba dzimba dzose dzakanaka. Mukuwedzera, pakupedzisira akaumba mufananidzo usina kunaka weRichard's Ristary - Sir Thatomas Mor Mor, ane masimba avo asina kukonzera kusahadzika. Akateverwa naShakespeare, aive ataura nhoroondo yeRichard. Ngano yehunyanzvi: Iyo Clical yakaiswa kuna Mambo wesimba rekuparadza uye nehupfu hwomukadzi wake.
Zvinoshamisa kuti nekuda kwemakore, uye kunyange nemazana emakore, kufarira hunhu hwaRichard hakuna hugas. Kuparadzaniswa kwehunhu hwaMambo kwaive kwakavakirwa pamabasa mazhinji: mafirimu, mabhuku, zviitiko zveGenre akasiyana-siyana - kubva kuMelodram kune vanoona zvakanyorwa nevanyori vepasi pasi.
Uye mushure memasara eRichard III akawanikwa uye akazivikanwa muna 2014, zvakachengeteka kutarisira kuti kumwe kuputika kwekusika kuzvitsaurira kune munhu anokatyamadza.
Mabhuku
- William Shakespeare Richard III
- Robert Lewis Stevenson "museve mutema".
- Simon Vilar "Anna Neville"
- Anna O'Brien "Chirikadzi Inosimurwa"
- Maryn Palmer "Chipfuyo chena"
- Gin Plidi "Kutongwa pane Korona"
- Cynthia Harrod-Iglz "DetyNy" (Bhuku "Podkinish")
- Svetlana Kuznetsova "Richard III"
- Josephine Tey "Mukunda wenguva"
- Patrick Carlton "pasi peprem"
- B. Hanyan "Nyasha dzaMwari"
- M.Hoking "Iye anozvisimbisa kuna mambo"
- Kutenda Kamshi "Makoronike eArcia"
- Sharon Kay Fanman "Zuva Mukubwinya"
Mafirimu (seRichard)
- 1955 - Richard III (Lawrence Olivier)
- 1962 - "Shongwe Yerufu" (Mutengo Wincent)
- 1985 - "Mutema museve" (Alexander Filippenko)
- 1983 - "dema viguka" (Peter anobika)
- 1995 - Richard III (ian mccellen)
- 1996 - "Mukutsvaga Richard" (Al Pacino)
- 2013 - "mambiropi machena (anyorin barnard)
- 2016 - "isina kunyorwa korona" (benedict cumberbatch)