Biography
Ukumkani waseNgilane Richard III weMigaqo yeLizwe iminyaka emibini (1483-1485), kodwa ngaphezu kolunye uKumkanikazi waseBritani washiya umkhondo bobabini kwimbali nakwincwadi. I-subries yegazi yokumkani wokugqibela ukusuka kuhlobo lwendlela yokutyela, okhwela etroneni, ehlamba izandla ngegazi lomtshana, waza wachaza i-romes ye-romes, waza wachaza i-thomas ma kunye ne-william shakespeare . Ukulandela i-classics, uRichard III wathandwa kakhulu njengomntu obhaliweyo, iqhawe lemidlalo kunye neenoveli zembali, ababhali abasafuna inyani ngoyena mntu unempikiswano waseBritane.Ubuntwana noLutsha
URichard wazalwa ngo-Oktobha 2, 1452 kwinqaba yephotoringa eNorthampttonshire. Umntwana osandula ukuzalwa wabantwana be-12 kaRichard I-rithagenet, uDundu wase York III), owenziwe nge-roses a aloune kunye ne-roses ye-rodes, echasa indlu ye-hiinrich i . Umama wenkosi yexesha elizayo-Cecilia Neville, ummeli we-odolo yesiNgesi.
Uninzi lwabazalwana noodade bakaRichard bafa kwasebusaneni. Ukhule kwaye omncinci kwiminyaka yeMargarita noGeorge eSteerman. Abazalwana abadala uEdmund noEduard bachitha lonke ixesha noBawo kwiphulo lomkhosi ochasene ne-fletle rose.
URichard wayeneminyaka esi-8 ubudala xa utata wakhe wasweleka edabini kwi-Wakefield kunye no-Edmund. Kunyaka kamva, ngo-1461, uEdward, emva kwedabi laseTuton, ekoyisile, waguquka waba yi-Henry Venry Vi kwaye wazivakalisa njenge-nkosi iv iv.
Umgaqo womntakwabo endala wazisa uRichard isihloko sikaDush se-Glouscester. Phantse yayingamazi uBawo, waqala ngokumkhonza ngokuthembekileyo kwinkosi, ngokungafaniyo nomkhuluwanu omncinci uGeorge (Dake Clarence), oya kuthi atyhutyha ingcambulo, eya kuthi abulawe ngo-1478. I-English Celicker Thomas Mor, kwaye emva kwakhe, uShakespeare wachaza uRichard ukuya kwi-hichard ukuya kwi-hichard ibe ngumvuzo ongacacanga ophantsi ococekileyo, owavakaliswayo ngababhali-mbali.
Namhlanje kukholelwa ukuba uRichard wayenomgangatho oqingqiweyo, ophakathi. I-scolinis ephucukileyo ethile ithobe i-spine yakhe, kwaye igxalaba elinye liphezulu kunenye. I-aristocract yayinemehlo aluhlaza kunye neenwele ze-blonde, i-pale, ubuso obuncinci obuncinci. Imifanekiso ye-Peine Peeline ye-Duke ayikho, ekuphela komfanekiso ngumfanekiso kwisakheko esenziwe ngekhephe, esenziwe iminyaka engama-25 emva kokuba efile.
Oyena mncinci uDuke ubiyela kwaye ugcinwe esilayeni, oku kungqinwa kukuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe kwangoko ekumtshatweni. Ngo-1471, uRichard oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala wabaleka kunye nokumkani eHolland. Ukuqokelelwa apha ngumkhosi we-mercenaries, abazalwana babachasile i-lanctaster evukelayo kwaye ekugqibeleni babaphalaza eBartnet naseTüxbury kuphela, bebulala i-horice kuphela kwi-Dynard Dynard - iPrince Eduary. Kwakuloo nyaka, uHeinrich Vi kwiNqaba wabulawa.
Emva kokuwa kweLadasta, uEdward IV phantse ahamba kude nemfazwe, kwaye uRichard wanika iOfisi yamazwe asemantla angenakuphela, ukubandezeleka kuhlaselo lweScottish. Kwaye kanye kude kuse ekufeni kukaKumkani ngo-1483, isiDweli Gudescester saphila kwizinto zakhe, singabonakali enkundleni.
Ibhodi kunye nephulo lomkhosi
Ukusweleka kuka-Edward IV oneminyaka engama-40 nge-9 ka-Epreli, 1483 kwakumangalisa wonke umntu. Nangona kunjalo, yavela kamva, ivela kwizizathu zendalo. UEduard notatomkhulu wakhe omkhulu, ongumsunguli we-EdMund Dengley - ekuphela kweOrkiors abangafayo ukufa ngobundlobongela. Lowo uKing wam wavakalisa unyana omkhulu ka-Edward, oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala. Abanye babantwana bokumkani basinda kwiKing e-7, apho aba-2 oonyana baka-Edward noRichard).
Izihlobo zomhlolokazi ukumkanikazi uElizabeth Woodville qalisa ukuvinjelwa ukuba ukwenziwa konyana omncinci kudluliselwe ezandleni zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kwentando, eshiyekileyo kukumkani, umlondolozi kwiPrice wamiselwa umalusi wakhe Duke Gokendle. Kwicala lakhe, abameli bemfanelo enkulu - uDeki waseBathem kunye neendlela zokunxiba, abangazange bafune iindawo eziphakamileyo zenkuni. Basonga ukuqeshwa kukaRichard Regent.
Into yokuqala eyenziwa nguRichard - iNkosana ibiwe kwimpembelelo yezihlobo zomama. U-Eduard V, kunye nomzalwana uRichard, bafudukela ebhotwe, uElizabhete wayefihliwe eWestmin. Ukukhutshwa kwenkosi entsha yonyulwe ngoJuni 22, 1483. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yakhe, abemi bobukumkani bafumana inyani eyothusayo: Umbhali waseLondon wawubonisa ukuba abantwana base-Edward IV bangengommangaliso kwaye abanakufumana itrone.
Ngenxa yale ngxelo, ubhishophu wase-Batsky wathetha, eyaqondwa ukuba isivumelwano somtshato sagqitywa phakathi kuka-Edwat Iv kunye neLady Eleonor, kwaye lixesha lokusebenza enyanisweni akukho semthethweni. Ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba abenzeki bezinto ezibuleweyo zento ethethwayo: Malunga neSostoma uKumkani u-Eduary kwaye inani leenkosana zakhe zihamba iintsomi.
Kule meko, uRichard wahlala ekuphela kwendlalifa esemthethweni, ngenxa yokuba uGeorge wabulawa, kwaye oonyana bakhe banamalungelo etroneni ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lukaYise. Ke nge-6 kaJulayi, 1483, uDusele ngokutshutshiswa eWestminster Abbey, evakalisa uRichard III, ukumkani waseNgilani. Oonyana bakaEdward Iv babhegesiwe, baba ziinqaba, besiya eTerle, eyayingenguye intolongo, ingeyiyo enye yokuhlala, akukho namnye wababona. Abantu bakhawuleza ukuba amakhwenkwe abulawa ngokomyalelo womlawuli womalume, kodwa olu hypothesis aluzange lubonakaliswe.
Emva kwengqungquthela, uRichard waqalisa ukuhamba ubunini ukuze izifundo zinokufuya kumlawuli omtsha, emva koko ubushushu baqala ukuphunyezwa kotshintsho. Ngokuyintloko sibe yinto yezopolitiko, womeleza umkhosi kwaye waphuculayo iinkqubo zomthetho. Emva koko, wayephosakele ngotshintsho kuqoqosho: Ukoyisa, urhwebo oluyelweyo, ukwanda kwerhafu yokukhusela abathengisi besiNgesi kukhuphiswano. Ibhodi yakhe emfutshane yaphawula ukuchuma kobomi benkcubeko.
Yonke le nto ayiyithandanga yona kwiintshaba, kuquka nabantu bangaphambili. Ukuba iingubo zabulawa ngenxa yokungcatsha ngaphambi kwenkokeli, emva koko uDukiham waqala ukwakha ibhokhwe kunye ne-Elizabeth Woodville etroneni. I-Tandem Crocerirators zagqiba kwelokuba ibeke i-heinrich therior enamandla, igrafu Richmond, yamtshata kwintombazana enkulu uEdward IV - Elizabeth Yorky.
Ngo-Okthobha 1483, abantu bakwaBankim baphakamisa umphakamo kwizixeko ezininzi zoBukumkani. Ke uRichard III ngobuchule kuye wayemisela umvuzo omkhulu ngenxa yeentloko zabavukeli. Kungekudala uBathem wabanjwa, ngoNovemba, eKazenen. Ngesimo sengqondo esifanayo sikaMargarita Beaufort kunye neNkosi uStanley - umama kunye notata wotyelelo lukaHeinrich Tudor - wasinda ukohlwaywa. Kanye, njengoko kulilize. Mhlawumbi ingasindisa ubomi bukaRichard.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ukumkani wasinda ekufeni kwabantu abasenyongweni - ukuphela kukanyana kaEdiary nenkosikazi ka-Anna Neville. Inkosi ifunyanwa yintlekele yaba yiyo, ngokweentshaba, ithagethi efanelekileyo. Kwaye nge-14 ka-Agasti 1485, inkqubela ngenkxaso yeFrance kunye ne-5 yamawaka emkhosini bafika kwi-Wales. URichard wafudukela emkhosini, egqitha utshaba ngamaxesha ama-2. Amaqela avumile kufutshane nedolophu yaseBosworth, apho i-Agasti ka-22 nedabi lokuthatha isigqibo lenzeka.
Ukufa
Olu suku alubulalayo lwaqala kwi-York kunye neendaba ezimbi - amabala akhe anamandla eNkosi uStanley aze abale i-NorthunterLl bangcamze waza watshaya ecaleni kotshaba. Ukuqonda oko kuya kufa ngokufa kwakhe, uRichard waphuma entsimini yaseBrani kuphela, ehamba namajoni athembekileyo.
Ukumkani wagqiba kwelokuba akwazi ukuqhekeza kwisihlwele sabakhweli abajikeleze i-goudrich kunye ne-durubur. Ukuhamba ngesichotho sothula, waphantse wafika kwinjongo, kodwa apha baya kwi-knights stanley. Iphakamise inzala yokugqibela yezityalo ezivela kwihashe iqhekezwe ngamajoni aseHeinrich.
Umzimba kaMonakalo wantywiliselwa kwihashe kwaye wakhwela esitratweni somntu ogqobhozayo ngokuzonwabisa, emva koko, njengomntu ongenguye, atshisa i-vinesis ebi kakhulu eFranciscans. Kangangexesha elide, kukho enye yeenguqulelo ezithi, xa itshabalalisa i-monastery ngexesha loHlaziyo lwe-Hiinrich eHeinrich viii, intsalela yaseRichard yayekwa emlanjeni onhululekileyo.
Imfazwe yaseBosworth yaphela ngoloyiso lwe-tuudor, ikamva likaHenry VII - inzala yendlu ye-lancmarta (imargarita ye-margarita ibalelwa ngudade wesibini uHenry Vi). Ngenxa yoko, imfazwe yayisemthethweni kwaye i-White Roses. Kwaye i-tudor doynty ibambe itrone yesiNgesi iminyaka eli-118.
Ubomi Buqu
Ekuqaleni kwe-1470s, uRichard watshata no-Anne Neville - Intombi encinci yegrafu enamandla kaRichard Neville eWarwick - Delo ookumkani. Ekuqaleni, uBawo wazuza intombi yakhe kuphela kwendlu yeHanner yeLathaster - uEward, ePrince Wales. Kodwa emva kokubulawa komyeni, ii-jorks kwidabi eTuckbury, umhlolokazi wamkela isicelo sesicelo seDlouscester.
Ngo-1473, uAna noRichard babenonyana kaEduardgem. Kuxelwa malunga ne-2 yabantwana abangekho semthethweni ka York - Jolom Glousster kunye neKaterina Platiages. Bazalwa phambi komtshato kaDuke, ubuntu bawo awaziwa. Emva koko, uKumkani walungiselela ukuba ubomi babantwana bakudala - uYohane wanikezelwa kwii-knights waza waba yindoda yasemkhosini, kwaye intombi yakhe iyatshata. Ababhali-mbali bathi emva komtshato noAna Richard wayethembekile kumfazi wakhe.
Indlalifa yaseburhulumenteni eya eRichard III - eDeard - ngokungalindelekanga yasweleka ngo-Epreli 1484. Kwaye kunyaka olandelayo, uAnna Neville wasweleka, ukubandezeleka kwisifo sephepha. Kwaye nangona wonke umntu osentendelezweni wayesazi ukuba ukumkanikazi wayegula kakhulu, ngaphandle kwemeko yakhe yakonzakalisa uNyana, uRichard waqalisa ukutshata no-Ana kunye nomnqweno wokutshata no-Eduary IV).
Nangona kunjalo, ookumkani abanalo ubomi bakho, kwaye uRichard wenza isigqibo sokutyhila umtshato kwiminqweno yoRhulumente, ekuthumela izithembiso zikaJuan Portugal, uKumkani uZhuana II. Nangona kunjalo, lo mtshato wawungasamiselwa.
Imemori
Ababhali-mbali banamhlanje bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubuntu bukaRichard III, njengebhayiloji yakhe, bugubungele iintsomi ezininzi. Kungekudala inkulungwane enye yayikholelwa ukuba umfanekiso we-sugegegener wokugqibela yimntu ebubini nenkohlakalo. Ngeendlela ezininzi, umgwebo onjalo wawumiselwa ngamaShismistrists ajoyine itrone yodumo lwe-tudor.
Inkangeleko yomlawuli ombi kunye negazi lobutyala obukade beyinto entle ngokungafanelekanga. Ngapha koko, ekugqibeleni wabeka umzobo ongafanelekanga owongameli we-Richard's Reichard's Reichard's Remichard - Sir thomas Mor, ogunyaziwe ongenakungenela amathandabuzo. Walandelwa nguShakespeare, owayethe walungisa imbali kaRichard. Intsomi yobugcisa: Ukubekwa kukumkani wasendle kwintshabalalo kunye nomsindo womfazi wakhe.
Okothusayo kukuba, ukutyhubela iminyaka, kwaye kwanenkulungwane, umdla kubuntu bukaRichard ayisiyo. Ukuphikisana kobuntu bukaMonarch kwakusekwe kwimisebenzi emininzi: iifilimu, iincwadi, iincwadi, i-ntlobo yohlobo olwahlukileyo - ukusuka ku-Melodram ukuya kubabhali ababhaliweyo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi.
Kwaye emva kokuba intsalela yaseRichard III yafunyanwa yaza yachongwa ngo-2014, kukhuselekile ukulindela ukuba enye indalo inikezelwe kumntu onembali.
Uncwadi
- UWilliam Shakespeare Richard III
- URobert Lewis Stevenson "Anrow omnyama".
- Simon vilar "Anna Neville"
- UAnna O'Brien "Umhlolokazi ongenatyala"
- I-MaryAn Palmer "inxibe emhlophe"
- I-Gin Ceii "i-dooned kwisithsaba"
- ICynthia Harrod-Iglz "Dynasty" (incwadi "podkinaish")
- I-Svetlana Kuzetsova "richard III"
- UJoseph tey "Intombi yexesha"
- UPatrick Carlton "phantsi kweVeprem"
- B. UHanyan "UThari kaRichard Thixo"
- M. Ukuzibamba "Lowo Uzibamba Inkosi"
- Ukholo LAMSI "UKIFISIKECALWE WE-ARCIA"
- ISharon Kay Fanman "Ilanga Eluzukileyo"
Iifilimu (njengoRichard)
- Ngo-1955 - URichard III (uLawrence Olivier)
- Ngo-1962 - "Ukufa" (ixabiso le-vincent)
- Ngo-1985 - "utolo olumnyama" (Alexander filippenko)
- Ngo-1983 - "i-vig cuka" (uPeter upheka)
- Ngo-1995 - URichard III (ian McCellen)
- Ngo-1996 - "Ukukhangela iRichard" (I-Al Pacino)
- Ngo-2013 - "Kukumkanikazi omhlophe (i-terin barnard)
- Ngo-2016 - "Isithsaba esingenanto" (iBenedic Cumberbatch)