Biography
Indira Gandhi was born on November 19, 1917 in the Indian city of Allahabad. Girl whose name is translated as the "Country of the Moon", was born in the family of famous political figures. Father Indira was the first prime minister of India Javaharlal Nehru, her grandfather was the head of the Veterans of the Indian National Congress, Motilla Nehila, and the mother of Kamala and grandmother Svarip Rani Nehru - famous politicians who survived cruel repression.
Her family led to an unusual contingent of people with whom a little indira robbed from childhood. At a biennium, she even managed to communicate with such a great man as Mahatma Gandhi, who is considered a real father of the Indian nation. According to his advice, Indira, when she was eight years old, organized his own labor union. Together with her buddies, the girl was engaged in weaving in the house of the grandfather. With Gandhi, the future politician met later, as you can see on numerous photos.
In his family, Indira turned out to be the only child, and therefore parents paid a lot of attention. Since the policy has always played a big role for the Nero family, the girl was not forbidden to listen to how adults talk about the urgent problems of India. And when the father of Indira will be in prison, he wrote a daughter numerous letters, which shared his moral principles, experiences and views on how there should be the future of their native country.
Education
As a child, Indira Gandhi received education, mainly at home. Then she entered the university in Chantinichentan, but soon it was forced to quit her study. The girl's mother fell ill, and she had to go for her to Europe, where Kamal Nehru tried to heal in the best clinics.
In order not to miss the time, Indira decided to continue learning in Oxford. Due to the fact that the girl knew Latin badly, it was possible to enter the prestigious university with the second attempt. But political science, history, political science and economy were given to her without much difficulty.
In 1935, Kamala died from tuberculosis. Indira and herself could not boast of wonderful health, which was often interrupted by studying and left for treatment in Switzerland. After one of these trips, the girl was no longer able to return to England, as, in fact, was cut off from it by the Nazis. To return home, Indira had to do a long way through South Africa.
Political career
In 1947, after the independence of India, the formation of the first national government and the election of Javaharlal Nehru's first prime minister of India, his daughter became the personal secretary of his father. Although Indira had his own family by then, she paid great attention to work and invariably accompanied the Prime Minister in all foreign business trips. Including, she visited the USSR, when her father went there.
After the death of Nehru in 1964, Gandhi became a deputy of the lower chamber of the Indian Parliament, and then - the Minister of Information and Radio Broadcasting. Indira represented the Indian National Congress, the most numerous batch of his country. In 1966, she became the leader of the Inc Party, and also received the position of Prime Minister of the native state. She became the world's second representative of the weak gender, which was able to go to the post of Prime Minister.
Indira Gandhi advocated the nationalization of Indian banks, as well as for improving relations from the USSR. However, a number of conservative representatives of INC, who did not like the idea of nationalization of financial institutions, nor Brezhnev and the country behind him were unhappy with the work of the Government of Indira. As a result, the party was split, but folk support was still remained for Gandhi. In 1971, Indian Iron Lady won the parliamentary elections again, and in the same year the USSR supported the country in the Indo-Pakistani War.
Characteristic features of the board
During the reign of the first Indian woman, the Prime Minister in the state was actively developed by the industry, the nationalization of banks was developed, the first nuclear power plant was built and commissioned, great successes were achieved in agriculture, which allowed India to finally get rid of food imports.
The situation has deteriorated significantly because of the war with Pakistan, which caused the growth of substantial conflicts and reducing economic indicators. In 1975, the Supreme Court ordered Indira to resign, accusing it in violations of electoral legislation during the 1971 elections. However, Gandhi deftly applied 352 articles of the State Constitution and announced a state of emergency in the country.
During the PE regime, the Indian economy began to demonstrate more optimistic indicators, in addition, an end to interfaith conflicts was almost laid.
However, it was quite large price: political rights and freedoms of citizens were limited, all opposition editions ceased their work.
The most unpopular measure that the Indira accepted during this time was sterilization. At first, people offered to voluntarily perform this procedure, receiving some monetary premium instead. But after some time, the government decided that every man who already had three children should be forced sterilized, and a woman who became pregnant with the fourth child forcibly sent for an abortion.
High fertility is indeed always one of the main causes of poverty in India, but such measures, degrading the honor and dignity of a person, were still extreme. Indira Gandhi received the nickname of the Indian Iron Lady. Its quotes and to this day are impregnated with the spirit of decisiveness. The politician often accepted hard solutions, fabricated centralized systems and was distinguished by a rather substantial degree of ruthlessness. Therefore, in 1977, in the next parliamentary elections, Gandhi fell out of the crac.
Return to political arena
Gradidi, still managed to regain his own popularity. Although many of her previous decisions were too radical, interesting facts are that the nation again believed in his "iron lady".
In 1978, Indira created a new batch of Inc (and), and in 1980 she again became the country's prime minister. The last years of the life of the politician held mainly improving Sayaschats, that is, strengthening the position of the country in the international arena. So, its efforts India headed the non-aligned movement.
Personal life
With his future spouse, Gandhi Indira became acquainted in England. She married him in 1942. This marriage did not correspond to the caste and religious traditions of India: the Ferosis took place from Pars, and Indira, despite numerous rumors that she was a Jewish, or the Kazakh woman was from another Indian caste. After the wedding, the politician took the last name that her husband wore, although he was not a relative of Mahatma Gandhi.
The spouses were born sons of Rajiv and Sanjay, who spent most of the time in their grandfather's house. The Feroz died in 1960, and in 1980, shortly before the murder of the Indira itself, her younger son Sanjay died in a plane crash. He, among other things, was a key political adviser to his mother.
Murder
In the 1980s, the Government of India entered confrontation with Sikhami, most of whom lived in the state of Punjab. Sikhi wanted to become a self-government community and not depend on centralized state power. They occupied the Golden Temple located in Amritsar and for a long time considered their main shrine. The response step was the operation called the "Blue Star", during which the temple was taken, and the order of five hundred people died.
The death of the Indira Gandhi became the revenge of the Sikhov official government of the country. On October 31, 1984, politics killed her own sikhi bodyguards. Eight bullets who did not leaving hope for the salvation of the Prime Minister were released at her at the moment when she went to the admission for interviews with English playwright Peter Ustinov.
The funeral indira was held at the Tin Murtee House Palace, millions of India inhabitants came to the farewell ceremony. In 2011, a documentary film on an outstanding Indian politics woman was filmed in the UK.