Biography
I-Indira Gandhi yazalwa ngoNovemba 19, 1917 kwisixeko saseIndiya Allahabad. Intombazana egama liguqulelwa 'njenge "ilizwe lenyanga", lazalelwa kwintsapho yamanani adumileyo kwezopolitiko. Utata i-Indira wayeyinkulumbuso yokuqala yaseIndiya Javaharlal NEHRE, utat'omkhulu yintloko ye-goteransi yesizwe, iMotila Nehila, i-Granti yase-Indila Nehru Nehru nexinzelelo olukhohlakeleyo.
Intsapho yakhe yakhokelela kwimeko engaqhelekanga yabantu abangaqhelekanga kuye i-Indira encinci yangaphantsi ebuntwaneni. Kwi-biennium, wakwazi ukunxibelelana nendoda enkulu kangaka njengoMahatma Gandhi, ogqalwa nguyise olona hlanga lwandiseIndiya. Ngokwengcebiso yakhe, i-intira, xa wayeneminyaka esibhozo ubudala, walungelelanisa eyakhelwe eyakhe imanyano yabasebenzi. Ndikunye nabahlobo bakhe, le ntombazana yayizimisele ukuluka endlwini katat'omkhulu. NgeGandhi, abezopolitiki bexesha elizayo badibana kamva, njengoko ubona kwiifoto ezininzi.
Kwintsapho yakhe, i-Indira yaya kuphela komntwana, kwaye ngenxa yoko abazali banikela ingqalelo kakhulu. Kuba umgaqo-nkqubo uhlala edlala indima enkulu kwintsapho yeNero, le ntombazana yayinganqatshelwa ukuba iphulaphule indlela abantu abadala bethetha ngayo ngeengxaki ezingxamisekileyo zaseIndiya. Kwaye xa utata wase-Indira uya kuba entolongweni, wabhala intombi yentombazana ezininzi, eyabelana ngencwadi yakhe yokuziphatha, amava kunye neembono malunga nekamva lelizwe labo.
Imfundo
Njengomntwana, i-Indira Gandhi yafumana imfundo, ikakhulu ekhaya. Emva koko wangena eyunivesithi kwi-chantinicEni, kodwa kungekudala kwanyanzeleka ukuba uyeke ukufunda. Umama wentombazana wagula, kwaye kwafuneka ahambe aye eYurophu, apho uKamaal Nehru azamile ukuphilisa kwiiklinikhi ezilungileyo.
Ukuze ungaphoswa lixesha, i-Indira yagqiba kwelokuba iqhubeke nokufunda kwi-oxford. Ngenxa yokuba le ntombazana ikwasazi isiLatin kakubi, bekunokwenzeka ukuba ungene kwiYunivesithi yaseThinte kunye nelinge lesibini. Kodwa isayensi yezopolitiko, imbali, isayensi yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho sanikwa kuye ngaphandle kobunzima obuninzi.
Ngo-1935, uKayala wasweleka esifo sephepha. I-Indira yaye yayingakwazi ukuqhayisa ngempilo entle, eyayihlala iphazamisa ngokufunda kwaye yashiywa kunyango eSwitzerland. Emva kokuba enye yezi hambo, intombazana yayingasakwazi ukubuyela eNgilani, njengoko, enyanisweni yanqanyulwa kuyo ngamaNazi. Ukubuyela ekhaya, i-Indira kwakufuneka enze indlela ende eMzantsi Afrika.
Umsebenzi wezopolitiko
Ngo-1947, emva kokuzimela kwe-India, ukumiliselwa korhulumente wesizwe wokuqala kunye nonyulo lweJavaharlal Numer yase-India, intombi yakhe yaba nguNoyitha kayise. Nangona i-Indira yayinosapho lwayo ngelo xesha, wanikela ingqalelo enkulu emsebenzini kwaye ngokungxamisekileyo ehamba nenkulumbuso kuyo yonke ishishini langaphandle. Ukubandakanya, watyelela i-USSR, xa utata wakhe waya khona.
Emva kokusweleka kukaNehiru ngo-1964, uGandhi waba seseNtshona yegumbi elisezantsi kwePalamente yaseIndiya, emva koko - usasazo lwerediyo. I-Indira yayimela iCongress yeSizwe ye-Indian, elona xabiso lininzi lelizwe lakhe. Ngo-1966, waba yinkokeli yepati ye-Inc, kwaye efumana isikhundla senkulumbuso yemeko yemveli. Waba ngummeli wesibini weHlabathi weSini esibuthathaka, esasikwazi ukuya kwisithuba se-Nkulumbuso.
I-Indira Gandhi yaxhasa ilizwe labantu beebhanki zaseIndiya, kunye nokuphucula ubudlelwane kwi-USSR. Nangona kunjalo, inani labameli abalondolozekileyo lwe-Inc, abangazange bayithande ingcinga yokugcwaliswa kwamaziko emali, okanye iBrezhnev kunye nelizwe emva kwakhe bebengonwabanga ngumsebenzi kaRhulumente wase-Indira. Ngenxa yoko, iqela lahlulwa, kodwa inkxaso ye-FLK ibisahlala iGandhi. Ngo-1971, i-Iron inenekazi liphumelele unyulo lwepalamente, kwaye kwangaloo nyaka i-USSR ixhasa ilizwe kwiMfazwe ye-Indo-Pakistan.
Iimpawu zeBhodi
Ngexesha lolawulo lwebhinqa lokuqala laseIndiya, inkulumbuso yaseburhulumenteni yayiphuhliswa ngenkuthalo ishishini, ilizwe lokufumana iibhanki lakhiwa, isityalo samandla sokuqala sakhiwa saza safunyanwa, siyimpumelelo enkulu kwezolimo ekugqibeleni susa ukungenisa ngaphakathi ukutya.
Le meko iye yandiswa kakhulu ngenxa yemfazwe nePakistan, ebangela ukukhula kweengxabano enkulu kunye nokunciphisa izikhombisi zoqoqosho. Ngo-1975, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela i-indira yokurhoxa, etyhola ngokwaphula umthetho wonyulo ngexesha lonyulo lwe-1971. Nangona kunjalo, uGandhi wasebenzisa amanqaku angama-352 oMgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente wama-352 kwaye abhengeze imeko yexesha likaxakeka elizweni.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-PEP, uqoqosho lwaseIndiya laqalisa ukubonisa izikhombisi ezifanelekileyo, ukongeza, ukuphela kweengxabano zonxibelelwano kwakusele kubekwe.
Nangona kunjalo, yayilixabiso elikhulu kakhulu: amalungelo ezopolitiko nenkululeko yabemi babenqunyelwe, zonke iinguqulelo eziphikisayo zaphela umsebenzi wazo.
Owona mlinganiso ungathandekiyo olwamkelwe yi-indira ngeli xesha yayisokutya. Ekuqaleni, abantu banikezela ngokuzithandela benza le nkqubo, bafumana i-Premiyamu ethile yemali. Kodwa emva kwethuba, urhulumente wagqiba kwelokuba wonke umntu obenawo nabantwana abathathu, kwaye umfazi owayekhulelwe kunye nomntwana wesine wathumela isisu.
Inkuthalo ephezulu ihlala inobangela wentlupheko eIndiya, kodwa loo milinganiselo, ihlazisa imbeko nesidima somntu, yayisekuqaleni. I-Indira Gandhi ifumene igama lesidlaliso lenenekazi le-Indiya laseIndiya. Iikowuti zayo kwaye unanamhla zifakwe nomoya wokugqiba. Ipolitiki yayihlala yasamkela izisombululo ezinzima, iinkqubo ezishiyiweyo kwaye zahlulahlulwe ngumgangatho omkhulu wokuphela komoya. Ke ngoko, ngo-1977, kunyulo olulandelayo lwepalamente, uGandhi wawa kwi-crac.
Buyela kwi-arna yezopolitiko
UGradidi, usakwazi ukufumana kwakhona ukuthandwa kwakhe. Nangona uninzi lwezigqibo zakhe zangaphambili zaziziinyaniso ezinqabileyo kakhulu, ezinomdla kukuba isizwe saphinda sakholelwa kwinenekazi lakhe le-iron.
Ngo-1978, i-Indira yenza ibhendi entsha ye-Inc (kwaye), kwaye ngo-1980 waphinda waba yinkulumbuso yelizwe. Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bezopolitiko ephethe ikakhulu iphucule i-Saaschats, oko kukomeleza isikhundla selizwe kwi-Interna yeHlabathi. Ke, imigudu yayo i-India yaya kwintshukumo engahambelaniyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye neqabane lakhe elizayo, uGandhi Indira waqhelana eNgilani. Watshata kuye ngo-1942. Lo mtshato awuhambelani nezithethe ze-caste kunye nezithethe zenkolo: I-ferosis yenzekile kwii-Pars, kunye ne-Indira, ngaphandle kwebhinqa elingumYuda, okanye ibhinqa laseKazakh lalingumnye umkhandi waseIndiya. Emva komtshato, ipolitiki yathatha igama lokugqibela ebenxila umyeni wakhe, nangona wayengenguye isihlobo sikaMahatma Gandhi.
Amaqabane azalwa ngoonyana bakaRajiv noSanjay, ochithe ixesha elininzi kwindlu katat'omkhulu. UFeroz wasweleka ngo-1960, kwaye ngo-1980, kwangaphambi nje kokubulawa kukaIndira ngokwayo, unyana wakhe omncinci uSanjay wasweleka kwingozi yenqwelomoya. Yena, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayengoyena mcebisi ngezopolitiko ophambili kunina.
Ukubulala
Ngo-1980s, urhulumente wase-India wangena kwingxabano eSikrami, uninzi lwabo luhlala kwilizwe lasePunjab. USikhi wayefuna ukuba nguluntu ekuzinzeni kwaye angaxhomekeki kumandla orhulumente. Bahlala itempile yegolide ese-Amritsar kwaye ixesha elide bathathela ingqalelo indawo yabo ephambili. Inyathelo lokuphendula yayikusebenzi obizwa ngokuba "yinkwenkwezi eblowu", apho yathathwa yitempile, kwaye i-odolo yamakhulu amahlanu abantu bafa.
Ukufa kuka-Indira Gandhi kwaba kukuziphindezela ngurhulumente waseSikholelwa urhulumente welizwe. Nge-31 ka-Okthobha ngo-1984, ezopolitiko zabulala eyabaxhasa abaxhamlayo iSikhi. Iimbumbulu ezisibhozo ezingashiyanga ithemba lokusindiswa kwenkulumbuso lakhululwa kuye ngelo xesha xa wayeyamkeli udliwanondlebe no-Essinov.
I-Indira yomngcwabo yabanjwa kwi-Tin Murde Hobhour Hill, izigidi zama-Indiamintu bafika kumsitho wokuvalwa. Ngo-2011, ifilimu ebhaliweyo kwibhinqa eligcweleyo lezopolitiko laseIndiya lalifihlwe e-UK.