I-Biograge
UStanley Milgram uyi-American Social Psycholologist oye waqhuba izivivinyo ukuchaza into yokulalela nokuzithoba. Umcwaningi noMlobi wale ncwadi babeneziqu zobudokotela beHarvard, bafundiswa eYale naseNew York University. UMilgruma ungumnikazi wendlela yokwenza ama-seanoid. Wafunda amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nomphakathi nokuxhumeka, kanye nethiyori yokubambana okuyisithupha.Ubuntwana nentsha
UStanley wazalelwa eNew York ngo-Agasti 15, 1933. Umfana waba yisilinganiso sezingane ezintathu ezikhuliswe emndenini. Ababelethi bakhe, amaJuda ngobuzwe, bathuthela eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Endaweni entsha, uMilgram watholwa neqiniso lokuthi baqhubeka nokubhaka.
Le nsizwa yafunda eJames Monroe eBronx. Ngo-1954, waba ngumbhedo wesayensi yezepolitiki, ngemuva kokuphothula eQueens-College. Ngemfundo eyengeziwe, le nsizwa yakhetha iBrooklyn College, lapho yagxila khona kwengqondo. Ngemuva kwalokho wafaka isicelo sokuhlaselwa yiHarvard futhi waqala ukwala, kodwa kamuva kwavela ukuthi abhalise esikhungweni semfundo.
UMilgram wayazi ngazo zonke izivivinyo ezibuhlungu nokuhlukunyezwa, wasinda ezihlotsheni zakhe ezaziyizisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Kwakuyiziboshwa zamakamu okuhlushwa futhi babenenhlamba, ukufakazela ukuba sezindaweni. Okuvelayo okutholwe nguStanley ngalesi sisekelo sadlala indima yokugcina e-Biography yakhe kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi olandelayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi uStanley Milgram wabiza u-Alexander. Umshado wabathandi wenzeka ngo-1961. Lo mbhangqwana uthole injabulo empilweni yakhe siqu futhi waphakamisela indodakazi yakhe nendodana yakhe.Psychology nezincwadi
Ngo-1961, uMilgram waba udokotela wezengqondo emphakathini. Kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1966, njengomsizi, uSolwazi eHarvard Stanley wasebenzisa inkontileka yeminyaka emithathu, kamuva wanwetshwa komunye unyaka. Ngo-1967, wathola uprofesa weNyuvesi yaseNew York, lapho afundza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1984.
Ngo-1963, uStanley Milgram wenza isifundo sokuzithoba egunyeni athola ngalo umklomelo we-AAAS. Ngo-1974, ukukhanya kwabona incwadi enikelwe ezivivinyweni. Umongo wokuhlolwa wawusesimemweni sendaba nelabhorethri ukuze ubambe iqhaza kwinhlama enikezelwe kwimemori. Ukuhlolwa kwadingeka ukuthi kufundise umlingani wokuzihlanganisa ngamazwi asebenzisa ukuphuma kukagesi.
Ngesikhathi esiphakeme sokwethuka, obambe iqhaza waqonda ukuthi kukhona okungalungile kwenzeka, futhi "umfundi" wacela ukuba amyeke ahambe. Umhleli wafuna ukuqhubeka kokuhlukunyezwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-65% ezihloko aphumela emizweni engemihle kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya langaphandle.
Ngokusho kukaMilgram, umongo wokulalela ukufeza intando yomunye umuntu, ngokwayo isibopho ngokwenzekayo. Inzuzo ingacasulwa ubuntu, ukungahambi kahle ekunqamukeni okungenzeka, inzalo emsebenzini nakwezinye izinto. Ukuvumelana, ngokusho komqondo wakhe, kusho ushintsho ekuziphatheni ngenxa yengcindezi. Inzalo yocwaningo inikeze ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kweJalimane lamaNazi. Bagxekwa futhi badale ukungabaza ngenxa yokungafani kwezimo zokuhlola zezimo zangempela.
Ocwaningweni olulandelayo, igama elithi "umhlaba we-tesne", uStanley Milgram, kanye noJeffrey Trever, bachaza leyo mbono okuthiwa yi-theory. Ngokuhambisana nakho, umuntu ngamunye uyazi enye ngokusebenzisa ukuqomisana okuphakathi okungu-5. Imibono ye-Psychologist yaqinisa khona ukuhlolwa. Uthumele amaphasela angama-160 ezakhamizi ezahlukahlukene zedolobha lase-Omaha, acele ukudlulisela kumngane owayengaba nomthelela ekulethweni kwe-Exchange Brochor eBoston.
Ababambiqhaza bangaba nosizo lomuntu ojwayelene naye oveze imithetho yokuxhumana. Iphasela lokuqala lifinyelele umgomo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-4 naphezu kwabathumeli ababili. Amaketanga alo lonke ucwaningo esimweni ngasinye kufakwe kubahlanganyeli abangu-2 kuya kwabangu-10.
Lolu cwaningo lwesayensi yezengqondo yezenhlalo luye lwagxekwa, njengoba abaphikisi bekholelwa ukuthi amplitude ayelingana nokuphathwa ngesandla okuyisithupha. Ngo-2008, iMicrosoft yenza isifundo esifanayo, esifakazele ukuthi i-chain efanayo iyisilinganiso sabantu abangu-6.6.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-MILGRAMA "Incwadi elahlekile" kulinganiswe nezinzuzo ezingaba khona komunye nomunye kusuka kubantu abangajwayelekile. Kunezinguqulo eziningana ezibonisa ukuthi ama-adngees alele ezindaweni zomphakathi. "Kuthunyelwe" kubantu ababodwa nezinhlangano ezinikela ngomusa kwadluliselwa kwabamukeli abangahle kube khona, nezinhlangano ezihlambalazayo ukuthi kwenziwa ingxenye yezindaba, ngakho-ke ababatholanga.
Inelukulumo nolwazi oluqhutshwa ososayensi ngo-1970-1971 ukuze bachaze ubudlelwane bethelevishini kanye nokuziphatha kwe-ason. Ababambiqhaza bangena imali bahlabelelele ekuphakeni noma bahlale eceleni. Ebanzi, ujwayelene nochungechunge lwangaphambi kokulungiselela lwephrojekthi ye-TV "Medical Center", yenza isinqumo ngesisekelo sabezindaba.
Ngo-1977, uStanley Milgram waqala ukuhlola ama-Siranoids, aphefumulelwe umqondo mayelana nokuhlanganiswa komzimba nengqondo. Ngaphambi kwabahlanganyeli abebedala futhi babevame othisha, indoda esebenzisa i-earphone yokuphendula imibuzo. I-Siranoid ikhombise i-erudition engakaze ibonwe futhi yazisa abasezingeni eliphakeme ngokudukiswa yinkohliso, ababengazange bayiqagele. Ngemuva komqondo wodokotela wezengqondo, indlela ye-Siranoid ingaba wusizo ekufundeni ekuziphatheni komphakathi nokuzibona.
Ukushona
UStanley Milgram akazange abe ebusika bango-1984. Imbangela yokufa komcwaningi kwakuwukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo, okwavela okwesihlanu. Washona eNew York, washiya umfelokazi nezingane zakhe ngaphandle kokunakekelwa.I-Bibliography
- 1963 - "Ukulethwa: Ucwaningo Lokuziphatha"
- 1965 - "Khipha imiphumela yokucindezela kweqembu"
- 1974 - "Ukuzithoba egunyeni: Umbono Wesayensi Wamandla Nokuziphatha"
- 1977 - "Umuntu ngamunye kumanethiwekhi omphakathi. Izivivinyo ezinhlangothini zokungenisa "