I-Biograge
U-Ivan Ivanovich Petskaya, umeluleki wemfihlo ovumayo wokugcizelela i-Ekaterina II, kwakuyindodana eyayingemthetho ka-Ivan Yurevich trubetsky. Umfana wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 3, 1704 enhloko-dolobha yaseSweden ngaleso sikhathi lapho ubaba wakhe ethungelwa ngemuva kokwehluleka umkhankaso wezempi waseRussia wamelana namaSweden. Umama wePetsky kuthiwa waba yingozi yeBaroness, kepha eminye imithombo ikhombisa igama elihlukile - i-Countess Sparre. Esikhathini esizayo, igama lika-Ivan Ivanovich lizohlotshaniswa nobaba wakhe kuphela, mayelana nomama ngeke abe nayo imithombo yamuva yolwazi.
Le nsizwa yathola imfundo enhle yaseSweden ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukayise. Futhi lapho ebusheni bathunyelwa ecaleni lakwaDanishi laseDenmart, okwaphela ngamamaki aphezulu kakhulu. I-Trauma, etholwe enkonzweni kwabagibeli bamahhashi, yabeka isiphambano emsebenzini wakhe wezempi.
Ngemuva kokusuka kwePrince Trubeskoy eya ezweni lakubo ngo-1718, i-Beatka esencane yayisafundiswa eYurophu, yabe isihamba kakhulu, yathola isipiliyoni. Kunolwazi afunda khona isayensi nemisebenzi yabaguquki baseFrance ngqo enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, kanye naseLeipzig. Insizwa ethembisayo, inezilimi eziningi zakwamanye amazwe ngokuphelele, yabona inkosana ye-vasily dolgoruky futhi yayiyisa endaweni yomuntu siqu yokuhlala kwakhe eParis njengenxusa laseRussia.
Iminyaka yokuqala yenkonzo eRussia
Lapho eneminyaka engu-22, u-Ivan Ivanovich ehunyushelwa eRussia esimemweni sikayise, owamnika indawo kanobhala-umhumushi. Imisebenzi emisha yeBetSky yayihlanganisa ukuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni zakwamanye amazwe. Kancane kancane, ngenxa yosizo lwePrince Trubetsky, u-Ivan wenza umsebenzi omuhle ekolishi lezempi, kwathi ebhodini lezinto zakwamanye amazwe.
Ngokusho kwama-oda wombuso, i-Fetskaya ihamba kaningi phesheya. Ngale hambo, uvakashela eJalimane, e-Austria, lapho ajwayelana khona nonina we-Russian empress yesikhathi esizayo. Babekhuluma isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi umusa kaJohann Elizabethe wawudlulisa nje indodakazi yakhe, kungani izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi u-Ivan Ivanovich wayengubaba wangempela weCatherine II.
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaFetkaya aguqula nge-Antioch Kantemir, i-Great Russian plolomat, ngaphansi kokubukwa komhlaba kuka-Ivan Ivanovich kwakungu-Ivanovich. Kamuva, iFetSkaya izongena eqenjini lokusekelwa kokubusa kuka-Anna John futhi izosayina, kanye noKantemir noYaguzhinsky, idokhumenti lapho abasekeli bemcela ukuba eze esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngo-1733, i-bezzka izothola isihloko esikhulu, bese kuba khona uRetenant Colonel.
Ngenxa yokuvikelwa kukaYise, kanye nendodakazi kaTrubetsky, owayeshade noNkosana uLudwig Hesse-Gomburg, waba mubi emhlanganweni weNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II. Esikhundleni sokuhlanza okujwayelekile u-Ivan Ivanovich futhi kuqhubeka uhambo oluya eYurophu futhi libuyela eRussia ngo-1740.
I-Catherine II noPeter III
Kusukela ngo-1742 kuya ku-1747, u-Ivan Ivanovich wakhonza njengegumbi ngaphansi kwesikhulu sakwaPeter u-Ulrich, ozoba uMbusi uPeter III, umyeni wakhe uCatherine II. Ufundelwe emoyeni wenkululeko, wafunda ngePetska, akazange athande ukunambitheka kukaChancellor A.P. I-Becuzhevo-rumin futhi yasuswa egcekeni lombuso. U-Ivan Ivanovich wathola ukwesula kwaphinde kwaqhubeka nohambo oluya eYurophu.
Emazweni anjengeHolland, eJalimane, iFrance ne-Italy, i-Univerman ivakashela izikhungo zemfundo, ihlangabezana nezingqondo ezinkulu zesikhathi, ivakashela i-salon kaNkk Joffrene, isikhungo sezinkondlo nezincwadi zeParis nezincwadi zeParis nezincwadi zeParis nezincwadi zeParis nezincwadi zeParis nezincwadi zeParis. Abangani baba rurm, voltaire, doro, rousseau. U-Ivan Ivanovich iminyaka engu-15 wamunca imibono esezingeni eliphezulu yesikhathi, eyabe seyisebenza eRussia.
1762 Babambe iBeetK enhlokodolobha yase-Austria. Ukufika ePotersburg, washeshe wanikezwa umyalo ka-Alexander Nevsky. Kwasungulwa ukuthi esigxotsheni esihlelwe nguCatherine II, u-Ivan Ivanovich akazange ahlanganyele. Naphezu kozwela, uPeter III, i-Empress ishiya i-beetky enkantolo futhi imenzele umphathi weyunithi entsha, eyayizwa izakhiwo namapaki wendlovukazi. Kusukela kulokhu, isigaba esisha siqala e-biography yesibalo esinethalente.
Academy of Arts
Into yokuqala, ephathiswe i-Beyome Catherine II, kwakuyinhlangano ye-Academy of Arts, eyaguqulwa yaba isikhungo esizimele ngo-1762. I-Bezzka yomsebenzi wayo yathatha yonke intshiseko: Ufezekisa isakhiwo esihlukile sesikole esiseVasilyevsky Island, ebambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni i-Charter yesikhungo sezemfundo, igunya eliphambili eliqokwe nguMkhandlu Woprofesa.
Isikhathi sokutadisha e-Academy saba yiminyaka eyisithupha, ngemuva kwalokho, ngokwezivivinyo, abafundi abahamba phambili baye e-Internship eYurophu. U-Ivan Ivanovich ngokwakhe wadela kakhulu engqondweni yakhe futhi wathatha impikiswano yabafundi abanesiphiwo. Ngemuva kokuphothula eHhovisi likaMongameli wakhe, wasuka e-Academy wonke umtapo wezincwadi wakhe waqoqa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, kanye namaqoqo wemidwebo nemidwebo.
Ukuguqula imfundo
Ngokufana neBhodi e-AH Betskaya kwaba ngunjiniyela omkhulu wokuguqulwa kwezemfundo eRussia. Ubeka njalo imicabango yakhe nemibono yabafundi ekwelashweni "ukusungulwa okujwayelekile kwezemfundo kanyona."
Inhloso yemfundo ezikhungweni ezikhethekile abeka ukudalwa kohlobo olusha lwabantu, ikilasi lesithathu elikhethekile, elizotholwa emndenini wakhe nezingane zabo. Ungakhumbula enye yezingcaphuno ze-beetky, ikhanyise lo mbuzo:
"Kwezinye izifundazwe, isilevu sesithathu sabantu, esisungulwe ngamakhulu amaningana eminyaka, siqhubeka nohlobo olusezingeni elithile, kepha njengoba lapha (eRussia) le chin akwakho, kukhubazekile, kungu ...".
IBezzka yayikholelwa ukuthi abantu abanjalo bazokwazi ukusungula ubuhlobo obufanele nama-serfs, azothinta ngokunenzuzo isimo somphakathi esiphelele.
Kwacatshangelwa ukuthi abafundi bazohoxiswa ngemvume yabazali bemindeni emindenini eneminyaka engu-5, bese kuthi ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa endlini yokubhida futhi bazuze iminyaka engu-18, bayobuyiselwa emuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Ivan Ivanovich wagqugquzela indlela yemfundo yezemfundo: ukwenqatshwa kokujeziswa okunamandla, uhlelo lokukhuthaza, ukuthuthukisa imidlalo ngokukhululekile, ukutadisha ngentokozo.
IBezzka "yasikholelwa isidingo sokulandela ezinyathelweni zemvelo, hhayi ukunqoba futhi singamqedi, kodwa simnikele kuye." Ngokusho kwalolu hlobo, indlu yokuqala yezemfundo yeMoscow yadalwa ngo-1763, lapho kwathathwa khona izingane ezilahliwe. Le ndlu yesibili yavela enhlokodolobha ngo-1772. Kepha imibono ye-beetky yaphahlazeka ngokoqobo emphakathini waseRussia walesosikhathi: Isikhungo sasingenabo abasebenzi kanye nezimali.
Izikhungo zemfundo
Ekuqaleni kweBheetsk, i-Prestulhouse yokuqala yadalelwa abesifazane. Bahlelwe nge-1764 Smolny Institute of Noble Maiden. Imigomo yezemfundo yayifana nasendlini yezemfundo eyayihlelwe ngaphambilini.
Ngemuva konyaka, iBezzka ibamba iqhaza enhlanganweni yezidumbu ze-CADET zemibutha yenhlabathi yabafana bemvelaphi enhle. Abathweswe iziqu kuma-shuttle Corps banelungelo lokungena empini njengezikhulu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngosizo lokuthola ubufakazi be-demidov, kwahlelwa isikole somthengisi, umgomo wakhe kwakuwukufundisa izingane zalesi sigaba sezinto eziningi eziwusizo zokuqonda: ukubalwa kwezimali, umlando, umlando, ezomnotho, umthetho.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ivan Ivanovich akakaze ashade ngokusemthethweni, kepha umndeni wakhe wabheka abafundi bakhe. Intandokazi yokuqala kwakungu-Anastasia Sokolov, owalandela unkosikazi ka-Admiral Osip Deribas. Wawina imali enkulu, kanye nezakhiwo ezimbili eSt. Petersburg.
Egugile, kube nezinguquko empilweni yomuntu siqu ye-Unitman. I-Petskaya yathatha omunye wabafundi babafundi bakaSmolny ka-Alimov. Emva kokuphela kwendlu ebodini, u-Ivan Ivanovich waxazulula le ntombazane endlini yakhe waphakamisa ukuhlanganyelwa, kepha ubuhle abasebasha akazange avume isikhundla esinjalo futhi ngokushesha washada nembongi u-A. Rzhevsky. Ngemuva kokushiya ama-protege akhe, u-Ivan Ivanovich wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo, uselile esikhundleni, waphila ngesizungu esigcwele.
Iminyaka yokugcina
Kusukela ngo-1773, maqondana nezimo ezivukelayo ezazisongekile emphakathini waseRussia, uCatherine II wabuyekeza isimo sawo sengqondo ngemibono yezemfundo, eyethule i-bezkoy. Wasula esikhundleni. Kepha, njengoba yonke imali elondolozile, u-Ivan Ivanovich bachitha isikhathi eside bezogcina izikhungo zakhe zokufundisa nezifundo, wayezilindele kuye ngaphandle kokuziphilisa.
Eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva, ngokobufakazi bezikhathi zesikhathi, ama-bezzka wahlaselwa unhlangothi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwakhubazeka ngokwengxenye. Ngisho nobumpumputhe bangezwe kuzo zonke izifo. Eminyakeni eyi-12 ngemuva kokugcwala ubuchopho obusebuchosheni ngosuku lokugcina ehlobo lika-1795, ngenxa yokuguga okujulile, u-Ivan Ivanovich ushonele ekhaya. Wangcwatshwa ngumfokazi esontweni lase-Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 2017, uchungechunge lwe-TV "Catherine" luza esiteshini esithi "Russia 1". Suka". Le filimu yethelevishini ingukuqhubeka okulindelwe isikhathi eside kwesithombe sikamama se- "Catherine", eyakhishwa ngonyaka ka-2014 futhi yaphumelela ukuzwela kwababukeli nabagxeki. Wamakwa ngemiklomelo emibili yasekhaya "Teffi" kanye ne- "Golden Eagle".
Esikhathini esisha, echaza iminyaka yeBhodi of Catherine Great, Kuvela amaqhawe amasha nabadwebi abasha: UVladimir Yaglych, owadlala i-Gonemry Potemmn, noPavel Tabakov, owagcwalisa indima ye-Igor edumile Sklyar.
Quotes Ivan BeetkKy
- "Impande yakho konke okubi nokuhle - ukukhuliswa."
- "Ingqondo ehlotshisiwe noma ekhanyiselwe yisayensi ayizenzi izakhamizi ezinhle futhi eziqondile, kepha ezimweni eziningi akukho okulimaza uma othile osemusha ebucayi obukhulu obukhuphuke kakhulu."
- "Ukuvuma izinhliziyo zezinsizwa ekudumiseni ukuthambekela, ukujabulisa ukuzingela ukuzikhandla kuzo, futhi ukwesaba ukungazinzi; Fundisa ukuziphatha kwabo okuhle, ukuhlonipha, amazwi enduduzo ngabampofu, abangajabuli; Bafundise ukwakhiwa kwendlu ..., ukuyogxila kubo ngokuzuzisa ... ukuthambekela kokuhlekisa nobumsulwa. "
- "Indoda ezwa njengendoda ... akufanele ivumele noma ngubani ukuthi enze njengezilwane."
- "Azikho izimbangela zokuzalwa kanye nama-villains, kepha zigqugquzela izibonelo zabo ezimbi"