I-Biograge
I-Oleg ezwakalayo ingumlingiswa ongokomlando, mayelana nokuthi i-biography yayo eyaziwayo. Abaphenyi badonsela imininingwane ngakho okuvela kwiziKronike ezirekhodiwe yizindela, kanye nakuleso sikhathi esivela engxenyeni ethi "Tale of Bygone iminyaka" yoMlobi weNesor. UPrince Novgorod wabamba iSmolensk, uthando neKiev, enza inhlokodolobha yokugcina yesifunda sasendulo saseRussia. Wandisa imingcele yamazwe abopha, exhumana nabantu nezizwe ezihlala kulezi zindawo. Ibhodi yenkosana u-Oleg Novgorodsky imake ekuqaleni kokuba khona kwamandla asendulo aseRussia.Ubuntwana nentsha
Mayelana nentandane nentsha yenkosana u-Oleg, kunzima ukucabanga, ngoba iziKronike zinokutolika okuningana kokuvela kwakhe embuthanweni osondele kakhulu weRütric. Ngokusho koyedwa wabo, kwakufanele abe yisihlobo sesikhulu nomfowabo umkakhe u-Efanda. Lokhu kutshela "inganekwane yeminyaka edlule", kanti i-Ioamakhovian Chronucle ifakazela iqiniso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkosana yayingumbusi olula, owasebenzisa ukuzethemba kombusi. Lokhu kutolika kunikeza umlando wokuqala we-Novgorod. Izazi-mlando zikhuluma nange-saga yaseScandinavia mayelana ne-Orvar endala, kukhanyisa amaqiniso ebhodi lika-Oleg nokufakazela ukuthi amaScandinavians azizi izinto zika-Oleg.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Ngokuya ngenganekwane, isidlaliso sanikezwa ngu-Oleg ngenxa yenjabulo. Ukuba yinhloko yeqembu kanye noMbuso, wayekhona ngasikhathi sinye iNkosi, umpristi kanye nomlingo. Izinganekwane, okumboza ukuhlelwa kombusi kuhlotshaniswa nale nnounce.
Indodana kaPrince Rurik, u-Igor, wayeyingane, lapho umzali esekufa. Umbusi wanquma ukudlulisa amandla ka-Oleg. Ezamabhizinisi, ukuhlakanipha nomoya wezempi wenkomsana entsha kugubha incwadi yeziKronike. Ibhodi yezinto zika-Oleg yaqala nge-Adventures: Imibono mayelana nokuthola amandla aphelele phezu kwe-dnieper ye-Dnieper kanye nokuthathwa kwendlela yamanzi eya eGreece. Kwakudingeka ukunqoba izizwe ezazihlala kulezi zindawo.
Izazi zemivubukulo zikuqinisekisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokufika kuka-Oleg waya emandleni eNovegorod njengoba lokho bekungakabi khona. Indawo yakhe yahlaselwa izindawo ezintathu, ifiqekile ngabaphambukayo, inqaba yedolobha, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-9. URurik no-Oleg babeyi-novgorod engakabi kangako njengo-Stargogod, njengoba ibizwa ngokuthi. Isikhungo esikhulu sezitolo, idolobha laseLadoga, okubaluleka kwawo kwancipha kancane kancane ngo-859-862 ngenxa yezimpi eziningi kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwe. Amadolobha athinta, ahlala engaziwa, kepha iNovgorod yavela lapha yaba yinganekwane.
Le ndoda yaphenduka indoda eyakwazi ukuhlanganisa iRussia yasendulo. Lesi sikhulu saba ngowokuqala ukushaya iKhazar Kaganat, owayenekhaya lakhe, waqala ukubambisana namaGrikhi. Ngemuva kokushona kukaRurik, waba ngumbusi nasenyakatho. UMbusi omusha wawulalelwa yiCrivichi, u-Ilmen noFinno-Uric Tribes, phakathi kwabo ayengokhanga. USmolensk noLyubech babengaphansi kokubusa kuka-Oleg.
Umkhankaso oseningizimu, owenziwe yiNkosana eduze nendlela edumile yokuhweba "kusuka errogn kuya kumaGrikhi", avunyelwe ukunqoba iKiev ngo-882. Ababusi be-Aslousling ne-Disnin eyingqongqoshe baxoshwa, futhi kanye ne-Novgorod kiev baqala ukulalela inkosana entsha. Ngakho-ke, okuchazwe yizomlando kumbozwe njengesikhathi sokwenza isimo sasendulo saseRussia, okuthi u-Oleg ubusa kusuka ku-882 kuye ku-912.
Izinqubomgomo zikaPrince zavusa imicimbi ebalulekile yamandla. Umnyombo wezwe, wabekwa phansi ngu-Oleg, wabona izizwe, kufaka phakathi: i-vnttychi, uPolyana kanye neNorthers, iRadmichi, oitlini nabanye. Ngokumisa ababusi bakhe, isikhulu sazitholela izingane zonyaka, okuhloliwayo, okwaba yiPrototype yenkonzo yentela nohlelo lokwahlulela.
Ukulwa noKhazari, u-Oleg wadedelwa amazwe aseMpumalanga ESlavic esuka eDani, okwakudlulela kumakhulu amabili eminyaka kubacindezeli. Ngo-898, oHungaard wayesondela emikhawulweni yombuso, kepha isikhulu sakwazi ukumisa ubudlelwano obunokuthula nabantu abanobunye futhi bavumelana ngokwethembana.
Ngo-19907, kwaqhutshwa umkhankaso eConstantinople, emithonjeni ethile ebizwa ngokuthi yiTsargrad. Umphumela waba isivumelwano sokuhweba eseqethwe ngo-911. Ngokusho kwakhe, abathengisi baseRussia kungenzeka bangakukhokheli umsebenzi wokuhweba eConstantinople futhi isigamu sonyaka baphila mahhala esigodlweni sezindela saseSt. Mammont, ethola imikhumbi nge-Byzantium. Kwakukhona futhi isivumelwano sokuthula esihlangene phakathi kwamazwe.
Kunelumeni lokuthi ukushiwo komkhankaso ochaziwe akutholakali emithonjeni yababhali beByzantine. Abanye abacwaningi babuzwa futhi isivumelwano sesiboshwa, njengoba baba umphumela wezivumelwano eziningana. U-Oleg wathumela amanxusa ukuqinisekisa umhlaba, futhi babuyela kuma-ravis anezipho. Kunenguqulo kwakunguMkhankaso weByzantine owamlethela igama lesidlaliso ngokuprofethile ngenxa ye-prudency kanye ne-carcuty, hhayi amahle kakhulu, ngokusho kwe- "tale of yandgone iminyaka".
Ngokweminye imibhalo, u-Oleg wenza emikhankasweni yaseCaspian ngokumelene namaPheresiya. Izehlakalo zomlando zalesosikhathi zichazwa ngobuqili futhi ziqhele, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuzibuyisela. Kepha imibono yososayensi ihlanganisa ama-hypotheses kanye nezigameko ezihambisana negama likaPrince Oleg. Ngakho-ke, isazi-mlando sekhulu le-13 i-Ibn Isfondiyar ichaza ukuhlaselwa kwe-rusch ku-Abutskian yasePheresiya. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kulo mculi, iqembu lesiRussia lahlula lo muzi ngo-909-910, yize intukuthelo yamaPheresiya nokuziphindisela iphinda ithola abahlaseli.
Isazi se-Arabic Al-Masidi sifakazele ukuthi ngo-912 umbusi waseRussov, ongazange aqanjwe ngoLwandle Olumnyama e-Azov nge-kerch strait. Encazelweni yakhe, u-Al-Massidi washo umlingiswa, umuntu angaluqhathanisa no-Oleg ngokufana kwamagama.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuba yi-relient nendodana kaRurik, u-Oleg akazange adlulise igunya ezandleni zika-Igor kuze kube yisikhathi eseneminyaka engama-35. U-Oleg akahlelanga ukwenza indlalifa yendlalifa. Yize u-Igor ebusa eKieli ngesikhathi someluleki nokungabikho kwakhe, iziphathimandla zibuyele e-Oleg, ezingase zifuna ukumdlulisela ezizukulwanenizo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu yombusi oqinile, kanye nemvelaphi yayo, imbozwe ngasese. Ukukhuluma ngokuthi ubani umkakhe nezingane zakhe, kwakunzima, kodwa ngokwemithetho yalesosikhathi, amaqhawe bekungeke afinyelele ekuthembekeni nasekuvuseleleni umkhuzi, kungaqinile ezindabeni ezimnandi. AmaWarrior akazange azithobe kumuntu ongazange aqinisekisile igunya ezindinganisweni zaleso sikhathi. Futhi umqondo wobudoda wawuvame ukuvame ukuba sesithembu.
Ngemuva kokuchitha iningi lempilo emikhankasweni yokunqoba, u-Oleg wayengeke enze umshado osemthethweni, kodwa wayenomkakhe. Ngokusho kweminye incwadi yeziKronike, akazange ashiye abantwana. Kepha imithombo yaseMoravian yabela umlingiswa ku-Phakathi Kwamagama, abalekele eRussia futhi abe negama elithi u-Olegovich.
Emibhalweni kunesixhumanisi eqinisweni lokuthi wayengumfowethu olga, umlingani u-Igor. Abanye abacwaningi bathi u-Olga angaba yindodakazi ka-Oleg, ngoba inguqulo yokubukeka kwayo ayibonakali. Umlando wekhulu le-15 nohlu lwama-piskarevsky olunamathiselwe luqinisekisa ubulungiswa balokhu kuqagela. Umshado ohleliwe ka-Olga no-Igor bangafakaza ukuthi u-Oleg wenza lukhuni ngale ndlela ukuhlanganisa iRussia.
Ukushona
Inganekwane echazwe 'ethandeni leminyaka ye-bygone' ihlobene ngqo ne-biography ka-Oleg futhi iphethe isitembu esibuhlungu lapho umbusi ayephila khona. IVolkhhv yabikezela isikhulu ukufa ehhashini lakhe elithandekayo. Isisho sasingenaso isisindo sika-Oleg kuze kube yilapho ihhashi lishonile. Ukuxubana kusengaphambili, isikhulu sanquma ukubheka izinsalela zesilwane. I-Snake Crane yaphuma ekhanda yahlaselwa u-Oleg. Ukuluma kwakhe kwabangela ukufa kombusi.
Inganekwane u-Alexander pushkin asebenzisa ngayo ithuba lengoma ngo-Oleg, ukwamukela imibhalo engokwesifiso emisebenzini yeNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke ubuntu bathola isisindo esikhulu emehlweni abafundi. I-Icelandic Saga, echaza ukufa kweViking Orvard Orde, iphinda kabili emlandweni, kepha umthombo wayo wokuqala uhlala engaziwa. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi iqhawe liyi-Oleg engokwesiprofetho.
U-Oleg washona ngo-912, kodwa ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokuphikisana ngemvelaphi yawo, i-biography kanye nokufa, izibonelo eziholayo zalo lonke ubufakazi obusha. Ngakho-ke, i-Novgorod Chronicle ifakazela ezinye izinguqulo zokufa kuka-Oleg. Ukulandisa kwakhe kubhekiselwa ekufeni kokufa "phezu kolwandle". Mhlawumbe sikhuluma ngomkhankaso wakwelinye izwe ka-Oleg, ochaza u-Al-Masidi kumarekhodi akhe. Umbhali wafakaza ekuqubukeni kweRus ku-Kerch Strait.
Kunethuba lokuthi incithakalo yaseAzerbaijan kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwe-Khazari kwabangela ukungqubuzana. Amayunithi ahlanganiswe nemithetho futhi angena empini, ephula izitha futhi abulale umkhuzi wawo. Umkhankaso weCaspian angaba ngezinto ze-Oleg ekugcineni.
Imemori yenkosana enkulu igcinwe ngenxa yemisebenzi yezemibhalo, amafilimu nemidwebo eyenziwe yizinombolo eziphefumulelwe zamasiko nobuciko.