Tari
The Sarkin Ingila Richard III na dokokin kasar nan shekaru 2 (1483-1485), amma fiye da sauran sarakuna na Burtaniya da suka bar hanya a cikin tarihi da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Babban kisan gilla na sarki na ƙarshe daga irin shirye-shiryen da aka yi, wanda ya hau kan kurmin da jin yara, da farko da aka bayyana Thomaspeare . Bayan litattafan litattafan tarihi, Richard III ya shahara sosai a matsayin yanayin rubutu, gwarzo na wasan da kuma litattafan da suke neman gaskiya game da Masarauta ta Biritaniya.Yaro da matasa
An haifi Richard ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1452 a gidan hoto na Photoma a Norhampampampampam. Jariri shi ne farkon yara 12 na Richard na Richard, Sarki Edward III), wanda aka sanya shi a cikin 1455 ta Warfafa Aloi da farin wardi a cikin fuskar lanchich vi . Mahaifiyar Mulkin FARKO - CECILIA Neville, wakilin Ilimin Ingilishi mai daraja.
Da yawa daga cikin 'yan'uwa maza da mata na Richard sun mutu a cikin jarirai. Ya girma tare da mafi ƙarami a cikin shekarun Margarita da George a cikin Steerman. Manyan 'yan uwan Edmund da Eduurd din ya haye koyaushe tare da Uba wajen yakin soji a kan sillet ya tashi.
Richard yana da shekara 8 lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a yaƙin Wake kan layi tare da Edmund. Bayan shekara 14, a cikin 1461, Edward, bayan Lancing, ya juya zuwa Henry VI kuma ya ba da kansa a matsayin Sarki Ingila Edward Iv.
A mulkin dan uwan ya gabatar da taken Richard jigon lakabi na Duke na Gloucester. Kusan bai san Uban ba, ya fara bauta wa sarki da aminci, ya fara ba da ƙaramin ɗan'uwan George (Duke Clerence), wanda za a zarge shi da ƙaddamar da jihar Secasease kuma ya kashe shi a cikin 1478. The Turanci Thinger Thomas Mor Mory, da kuma bayansa, Shakespeare ya bayyana Richard ga lowchback lowchback tare da hagu, wanda masana tarihi suka karbe ta, wanda masana tarihi suka sa hannu.
A yau an yi imanin cewa Richard ya yi bakin ciki, matsakaici mai tsayi. Tasirin scoliosis da ɗan ƙazantar da kashinsa, kafada ɗaya ya fi sauran. Atherocrat yana da shuɗi idanu da gashi mai haske, kodadde, ƙaramin fuska. Hoto na zamani na Duke basa wanzu, wanda kawai abin dogara shine hoton a cikin firam na aricoked, ya sanya shekaru 25 bayan mutuwarsa.
Matasan sun yi daidai da shinge daidai kuma sun kasance a cikin yakin da ya gabatar da wannan. A cikin 1471, Richard mai shekaru 19 ya gudu tare da sarki a Holland. Bayan da sojojin suka tara ne a nan sun yi adawa da 'yan tawayen kuma a ƙarshe sun kakkarsu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a Barnet da Tüxbury, kashe kawai magaji a zamanin gaba - Yarima Eduard. A wannan shekarar, Heinrihic vi aka kashe.
Bayan faduwar Lancaster, Edward Iv ya kusan motsa daga tashin hankali, da Richard ya ba wa ofishin ƙasashe na arewacin ƙasar, fama da hare-hare na Scottish. Ya kai har zuwa mutuwar sarki a cikin 1483, Duke Goto ya rayu a cikin birninsa, ba ya bayyana a kotu.
Kwamitin da keke
Mutuwar Edward 40 shekara Edward IV a Afrilu 9, 1483 ya kasance abin mamaki ga kowa. Koyaya, ya juya daga baya, ya fito ne daga dalilan halitta. Eduard da kakaninsa, wanda ya kirkiro daular Edmund Langley - kadai kadai na yorkors wadanda ba su mutu saboda mummunan mutuwa. Sabon sarki nan da nan ya ba da sanarwar babban ɗan ƙaramin shekaru - ɗan shekara 10 na sarki ya tsira 7, wanda 'ya'ya maza 2 suka tsira 7, wanda' ya'ya maza biyu suka tsira 7, wanda Edward da Richard).
Dangokin da mazansu suka mutu suka mutu, an toshe Sarauniya Elizabeth Woodville cewa rezency ne ga karamin dan wasa ya wuce hannun ta. Koyaya, bisa ga nufin, wanda sarki ya bar, wanda aka sanya masa mai tsaro a matsayin wanda yarid ya nada shi Duke kawun nasa kawun nasa. A gefensa, wakilan babban daraja - DUKA na Bakakana da Ubangiji ya tsare, wadanda ba su son herevilation na katako. Sun yi min-tsaren nadin Richard Regent.
Abu na farko cewa Richard ya - Prince fences daga rinjayar dangi. Eduard V, tare da ɗan'uwan Richard, ya koma zuwa cikin Fadar Westminster Abbe. An nada kowa a matsayin sabon salon sabon sarkin a 22 ga Yuni, 1483. Koyaya, maimakon ta, 'yan matan da Yakubu gaskiya suka ba da labari cewa' ya'yan Edward Iv sun ba da izini kuma ba za su iya isa ga karaga ba.
A cikin yarda da wannan sanarwa, bishop na batsky ya yi magana, wanda ya amince da cewa an yanke shawara a tsakanin Elizabeth Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar Eleonor Woodville, kwangilar ta yi aiki da wannan aure haƙiƙa doka. A tsawon lokaci don shawo kan mujallar abin da aka faɗa: Game da Sarki daga Sitraka Sarki ya fara jijiyarsa.
A wannan yanayin, Richard ya kasance kawai halal din Heir ne kawai, saboda an kashe George, da 'ya'yansa maza ba su da hakki ga kursiyin saboda laifin Uba. Don haka a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1483, Doke, Doke, Doke Abbey ne Richard III, Sarkin Ingila. 'Ya'yan Ifdar, maza, su ne Bastend da Bastend sun fāɗa wa hasumiya, waɗanda ba kurkuku ba, amma ɗaya daga cikin gidaje, ba wanda ya taɓa ganin su. Mutanen sun kwace jita-jitar cewa yaran sun mutu ta hanyar yaran shugaban kawun, shugaba, amma ba a ba da wannan hasumawa ba.
Bayan girgizar, Richard ya fara yin tafiya a kusa da mallakar mallakar don ya zama batutuwan zuwa sabon mai mulki, sannan da zafi ya fara aiwatar da gyare-gyare. Kasancewa da farko dan siyasa, ya karfafa sojoji da ingantattun matakan shari'a. Bayan haka, ya yi kuskure don canje-canje a cikin tattalin arziƙi: Cancanci ya kashe, ciniki, ya karu da haraji don kare 'yan kasuwa daga gasar. Girman ɗan gajeren kwamitin shima ya yi alama da yawan rayuwar al'adu.
Duk wannan bai so ga maƙiyana ba har da tsoffin abokan adawar. Idan Ubangiji Hastings aka kashe cin amanar kafin sa kambi, sa'an nan da Duke na Bakingham fara gina a goat tare da Elizabeth Woodville nan da nan bayan da hawa na York a kan kursiyin. Tandem mai goyon baya sun yanke shawarar sanya Heinrich Taken Hiedrich, ya aure shi a kan 'yar ƙarar Edward Ivor - Elizabeth York.
A cikin Oktoba 1483, mutanen da mutane suka tashi a cikin biranen Mulkin da yawa. Amma Richard III da ƙarfi ya murƙushe shi, kuma na sa wani babban sakamako ga shugabannin 'yan tawayen. Ba da daɗewa ba Bekam an kama shi, kuma a watan Nuwamba, Kazn. Tare da wannan hali game da Margaritata Fata da Ubangiji Stanley - mahaifiyar da 'yar Heinrich Tudor - sun fi karfi horo. Kamar yadda ya juya, a banza. Wataƙila zai ceci rayuwar Richard.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, sarki ya tsira da mutuwar mutane biyu masu kusanci - wanda kawai dan Eduard da matar Anna neville. Sarkin ya ji tausayin bala'in ya zama, a cewar abokan gaba, cikakkiyar manufa. Kuma a cikin 1485, ci gaba tare da tallafin Faransa da kusan sojojin dubu 5 sun sauka a Wales. Richard ya koma zuwa ga sojoji, ya fi makiya ta sau 2. Maƙiyin sun amince da garin Bosworth, inda ranar 22 ga Agusta da kuma yanke shawara mai yankeba.
Mutuwa
Wannan rana ta fara zuwa York tare da mummunan labari - wanda ya fi ƙarfinsa STANEDY da kuma kirga ormanderland, ormland ta ci amanarsa. Gano abin da ya faru mutuwar da ya dace, Richard ya fita a filin Brani kadai, tare da manyan jarumai.
Sarki ya yanke shawarar yin karo cikin taron mahaya a kusa da henrich da brait mai cuddiki. Yin tafiya ta hanyar ƙanƙara, amma ya kusan isa ga maƙasudin, amma a nan suka tafi wurin da akayi harin Stanley. Ya tashi daga zuriyar farko na dawakai daga cikin dawakai ya tashi daga hannun Heinrich.
An kuma nutsar da jikin sarki a kan doki kuma ya hau kan titunan lemu a kan abin da aka sawa, sannan kuma, a matsayin gama gari, sun ƙone a gidan juma ga gidan Faransscans. Tsawon lokaci, akwai ɗaya daga cikin juzu'ai, lokacin da aka rushe gidan wuta a lokacin da aka jefa Richard a cikin Kogin Suar Kogin Suar.
Yaƙin Bosworth ya ƙare da nasarar Tudor, makomar Henry Vii - inda daga zuriyar Lancaster (Margarita Margarita ta yi wa 'yar'uwar sakandare Henry VI). Ta haka, yaƙin ya kasance bisa hukuma da fari wardi. Kuma daular Tudor ta kwace kursiyin Ingilishi har shekara 118.
Rayuwar sirri
A farkon shekarun 1470s, Richard ya auri Anne Neville - ƙarami 'yar da karfi da Richard Neville akan sunan barkwanci da aka saƙa - Delo Sarakuna. Da farko, mahaifina ya sami 'yarsa da magajin gari zuwa gidan Lawster - Edward, yariman Wales. Amma bayan kisan ango, yorkks a cikin yaƙin a cikin Tufsbury, wanda ya mutu ya kaike shi gabatar da darasi na gloshisster.
A cikin 1473, Anna da Richard suna da ɗa na Eduarddedem. An ba da rahoton kusan 'ya'ya 2 na Yohoran 2 na York - John Glouna da Kateria Plattingets. An haife su kafin aurenta na Duke, ba a san halayen mahaifiyarsu ba. Bayan haka, Sarki ya shirya rayuwar 'ya'yanku masu banbanci sosai. Ya sadaukar da Yohanna ga makircin, ya zama ɗan adam, da' yarsa tana yin aure. Marubutan tarihi sun nuna cewa bayan aure da Anna Richard ya kasance da aminci ga matarsa.
Head Heir zuwa Richard III - Ededarad - ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu a cikin Afrilu 1484. Kuma shekara mai zuwa, Anna Neville ya mutu, tana fama da cutar tarin fuka. Kuma kodayake duk wanda ya san cewa sarauniya ya san cewa sarauniyar ta yi rashin lafiya sosai, banda yanayin da ya tsananta wa Anna kuma da sha'awar ya auri Anna da son dan uwan Elizabeth (yar ɗan'uwana Eduard iv).
Koyaya, Sarakuna ba su da rai na sirri, kuma Richard ya yanke shawarar bayyana aure a cikin bukatun jihar, wanda ya aika da tawayen Juan Portuguese, Sarki Zhana II sister. Koyaya, wannan aure ba a sake kunyewa ya faru ba.
Tunani
A hankali masana tarihi tarihi na zamani sun kammala cewa halayen 'yan kasar Richard na kasar Richard, suna kama da tarihin sa, an rufe su da tatsuniyoyi da yawa. Ba wani ƙarni ɗaya da aka yi imani da cewa hoton na ƙarshe na shirin mugunta ne da mugunta. A cikin hanyoyi da yawa, irin wannan hukuncin da aka sa hannu wanda ya shiga kursiyin daular Tudor.
Bayyanar da mummunar girman kai mai mulkin da aka yi da jin kai na tsohon daular ya nuna alamun rayuwarsu. A karo miƙa, A ƙarshe ya kafa hoton rashin daidaitawa na zamanin Richard - Sir Thomas Mor da, waye ba ya haifar da shakku. Shakespeare, wanda yake a kan tarihin tarihin Richard. Classics almara na al'ada: wanda aka sanya wa Sarkin Halaka na halaka da guba na matarsa.
Abin mamaki, a tsawon shekaru, har ma da ƙarni da yawa, sha'awar halayen Richard ba uras ba ne. The musu game da halayen sarki ya dogara da mutane da dama: fina-finai, littattafai, da wasan kwaikwayo na mafi yawan daban-daban da marubutan da yawa na ƙasashe na duniya.
Kuma bayan ragowar Richard III an samu kuma aka gano shi a cikin 2014, ba shi da matsala a fara fashewa ta halitta don mahangar tarihin tarihi.
Litattafai
- William Shakespare Richard III
- Robert Lewis Stevenson "Black Arrow".
- Simon Vilar "Anna Neville"
- Anna O'Brien "bazawara mara laifi"
- Maryanan Palmer "fararen fata"
- Gin pleidi "wanzuwa a kan kambi"
- Cynthia Harrod-iglz "daular" (littafin "podkinish")
- Svetlana Kuznetsova "Richard III"
- Josephine Tey "'yar lokaci"
- Patrick Carlton "a karkashin VEPREME"
- B. HANYAN "Richard Alherin Allah"
- M.Hoking "wanda ya ba da labarin King"
- Bangaskiya Kamshi "Tarihi ta Arcia"
- Sharon kay manman "rana cikin ɗaukaka"
Fina-finai (kamar richard)
- 1955 - Richard III (Lawrence Olivier)
- 1962 - "Hasumiyar Hasumiyar" (Vincent Farashin)
- 1985 - "Black Arrow" (Alexander Fillippenko)
- 1983 - "Black Viguka" (Peter Cook)
- 1995 - Richard III (Ian McCcellen)
- 1996 - "A cikin binciken Richard" (Al Pacino)
- 2013 - "White Sarauniya (Andnin Barnar)
- 2016 - "wani kambi" (Benedicct cumbing)