I-Biograge
I-American Robert Irwin Howard yaduma njengesibalo esibhaliwe esisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezinhle, ukwethuka kanye nomphenyi. Weza neqhawe likaConan Barbara futhi wadala umjikelezo ophathelene ne-hayborsky inkathi, njengoba kufakazelwa yile filimu-biography ebizwa ngokuthi "umhlaba wonke omkhulu".Ubuntwana nentsha
URobert Irwin Howard wazalwa ngoJanuwari 22, 1906 emndenini kadokotela wasemakhaya nomhambi owayehlala eTexas. Ingane yomfana idlulile ekuhambeni emadolobheni aseMelika nase-Ranch, futhi okuvelayo kwalokhu kwangena indaba ebhaliwe.
Abazali besikhathi esizayo ngabe bafundwa futhi bafundile, kodwa ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okudlangile balahlekelwe yimali ngokuphila. Ukuthumela indodana esikoleni, banakekela isifo sofuba esigulayo futhi ngangokunokwenzeka benza noma ikuphi ukuphathwa kokufa.
Isimo esinzima sezimali esithintwe ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana, futhi umama wemvelaphi omuhle kancane kancane waqala ukuzonda uYise. Le ngane yabona njalo ukuxabana nezingxabano futhi esemncane yabona ukuthi umhlaba wawugcwele ubudlova nobubi.
Imizwa engemihle kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuyimfihlo kwathinta izifundo zazo, kanye nomlobi wesikhathi esizayo ukuze agweme isijeziso esifunwe ukuvela ezindongeni zesikole. Wagijimela emapulazini nasekuthuthukiseni uwoyela, engena ekulweni nenye intsha, ukulimala, ukulimala kanye nokulimazeka kwanezelwa ohlwini lwezinkinga zomndeni.
Isifiso sokulwa nalabo abenzi bokubi benza ukwenza uHoward ukwenza izinhlobonhlobo, futhi, sesike sazama izigaba eziningi, wayeyithanda umzabalazo kanye nesibhakela. Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokubuka ukufana nokubamba iqhaza kukaJack Johnson noBob Fizzimmons kusize amandla okuxazulula noma yimuphi umbuzo.
Ngezinsuku, imigwaqo ingenamgwaqo, osemusha ngokuhaha afundze ngokuhaha izincwadi, futhi ngokushesha abazali nothisha bathola ithalente lakhe lezincwadi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1915, waqala ukubhala izindaba ezinhle kakhulu futhi akazange aphume endlini isikhathi eside, njengokungathi uHermiting noma ebopha.
Ezigcawini zemisebenzi yokuqala, impi enegazi phakathi kwamaViking, ama-Arabhu kanye nabamele ezinye izizwe eziqanjiwe zazidingeka. Lapho-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya likaJack London, uRobert Irwin waqala ukubhala ngokuzalwa kabusha, kanye nemicikilisho yesiko eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu kaRobert Irwin waya kulowona wesifazane owashicilela ezakhe izincwadi ngaphansi kwegama likathisha noNovaalin intengo. Abathandi bebecabanga ngomshado, kepha baphuthelwe umzuzu futhi bahlukana. Le ndaba echazwe kuma-Memoirs isiphenduke izixuku.Izincwadi
Ngo-1924, uHoward waqala umsebenzi ochwepheshe, ethengisa inganekwane eyesabekayo "umkhonto noKlyuk". Wabe eseqala ukusebenza ngenoveli, ekhombisa ukulandelana kwezikhathi zokuphila kwakhe, kepha akazange athathe isinqumo sokushicilela umsebenzi futhi afihle okusalungiswa.
Ukuze amboze izindleko zobuqambi, uRobert Irwin wakhonza ephephandabeni ledolobha, wabe esebhala umabhalane eposini kanye nomsizi we-Alemer kwelinye lamahhovisi. I-minicatures eshushisayo neyezinkondlo eyenziwe ngalesi sikhathi yayigcwele izithombe ezingenakwelinye izwe futhi yayine-halo engaqondakali.
Ngo-1926, i-Weird Tales Journal yathenga indaba kaHoward, owanyatheliswa ngokushesha njengo "mbuso wamathunzi". Kwakungumsebenzi wokuqala ohlosweni lwenganekwane yokulwa, okuthi, ukwahlulela ngesithombe kusuka emikhakheni, umbhali wawathanda kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku.
King Kull, owaba ngumuntu owandulela uConan-Varvara namanye amaqhawe, wathandwa abafundi baseMelika ngezizathu eziningi zenhloso. Umlobi osemusha wadala ukuqhubeka okushicilelwe eshicilelwe njenge "Izibuko Tuzong Tuna", wabe esethuthela ochungechungeni onikelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamanye amadoda.
Entwasahlobo ka-1928, i-Bibliography yombhali yagcwaliswa ngemisebenzi, lapho uPuritanin Solomon Kane wayesenkabeni yesakhiwo sokuqala. Ukugwinya kokuqala kulo mjikelezo kwaba yisabekayo yomlando we- "Moon Skulls", "amagquma okufa" futhi "ngaphansi kombala wezithunzi zegazi".
Kancane kancane wathola ukuthandwa, uRobert Irwin uthengise imisebenzi kumagazini wePulp Sport Story, ongowomgwaqo waseStreet & Smith Publishing House. Lapho, waqala wangethula umhlaba encwadini yezindaba ezikhuluma ngamabhomu, kanye namakhanda nezicaphuni ezivela enoveli ye-rut "umnikazi wekusasa."
Ngo-1930, uHoward waba yilungu lombuthano we-lovecraft futhi ngesitayela sesabekayo eyimfihlakalo, wakhipha indaba "ngemuva komfula omnyama." Futhi wabe esecabanga ukuthi amaqiniso amadala athakazelisayo aphela, abafundi kanye nabagxeki badinga iqhawe elisha.
Ngakho-ke kwakukhona umjikelezo wemisebenzi mayelana nomhlaba wenkemba nomlingo, lapho umlingiswa ogama lakhe linguConan wayehlala ezungezwe izilo nabantu. Phakathi kwezindaba eziya ezingcaphuni "zaziyindilinga emnyama", "uMnyama Colossus", "Phoenix on the Mast", "i-Witch izozalwa" kanye "nokukhasa isithunzi".
Ukushona
Ehlobo lika-1936, uHoward wawela ekudayisweni nasekucindezelekeni ngenxa yesifo somama esingelapheki, wasithanda kabi. Lapho owesifazane ewela kubani, kwadutshulwa ekhanda lakhe kwakuyimbangela yokufa kwakhe, ngoba kwakungekho sifiso noma amabutho okuphila kuwo.I-Bibliography
Umjikelezo "Solomon Kane"
- Ngo-1928 - "Ngaphansi kwesembozo semithunzi enegazi"
- Ngo-1929 - "Ama-Skulls Phakathi Kwezinkanyezi"
- 1930 - "Inyanga Yokufa"
- 1932 - "Amaphiko Ebusuku"
Mahhala
- Ngo-1929 - "Umbuso Wamathunzi"
- 1929 - "Isibuko Tuzong Tuna"
Umjikelezo "conan"
- 1933 - "Alay Citadel"
- Ngo-1933 - "Umbhoshongo We-Elephant"
- Ngo-1933 - "IBlack Colossus"
- Ngo-1933 - "Isithunzi Esihlanzekile"
- Ngo-1934 - "Abantu bombuthano omnyama"
- Ngo-1935 - "Okomfula Omnyama"
- 1935 - "Izithunzi zeLembula"
- 1935 - "" Dragon Hour "
- 1936 - "Izipikili ezinezigqoko ezibomvu"