I-Biograge
I-Tennessee Williams - i-playwright, abagxeki bokubhala babiza u-American Czech. Imidlalo yombhali - izindaba eziphathelene nesizungu somlingiswa ophambili, mayelana nokungakwazi ukuthola ukuvumelana nomhlaba wangaphandle. Izinhlamvu zombhali ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izwe elibazungezile libonakala linobudlova. Imigqa eminingi yesakhiwo, izinhlobo, imininingwane yavela emisebenzini yoMdali ngesisekelo sezenzakalo ezenzeka empilweni yakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
Igama langempela le-American Classic - UThomas Lanir Williams III. UDramaturgome wazalwa ngoMashi 26, 1911 eColumbus, eMississippi. Lapho esemncane, umfana wayelahlekile i-dishththeria ukuthi wayihlukumeza impilo yakhe. Ubaba uThomas Cornelius, owathengisa izicathulo futhi wagxila, wangenelisekile ngeqiniso lokuthi indlalifa liyakhula kangako njengezinye izingane. Phakathi kwakhe noMama Tennessee Edwina kwenzeka njalo kwenzeka amahlandla.
Ngokushesha umndeni wathuthela eSt. Louis. Lapha osemusha angenele isikole samaSoldan. Manje-ke uTomase waba nesithakazelo ezincwadini, ababhali bakhe abathandayo kwakuyimbongi yaseMelika uHart Crane kanye neRussia playwight anton Chekhov. Kusukela ngo-1929 kuya ku-1931, le nsizwa yayingumfundi we-University of Mission, lapho afunda khona eFactch of Pournal. Ngaleso sikhathi, waqala ukubhala izinkondlo, izindaba, edlala kanye nokwethula ama-Essays ngemincintiswano yezemibhalo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yangumbhali yayigcwele izehlakalo ezinkulu, ezinye zabe zakha isisekelo semisebenzi yalo. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, umfana wayeqonda: amadoda amdonsela. UFred Melton waba yinsizwa yokuqala ethandekayo.Ngo-1940, uTennessee wathwalwa ngumdansi waseCanada nguKip Cennan, kodwa ngokushesha wamemezela umshado. UWilliams wasinda kwidrama yangempela eyandisa izindaba zokufa kukaKip ngo-1944. Umbhali ubonise imizwa eCanada ekudlaleni "okuthile ngokungacacile, okuthile okucacile."
Kugqamile kwakuwukushoda kwe-American neMexico Pancho Rodriguez naseGonzalez. Lo mfo wadluliselwa kumdlandla onomhawu notshwala obuhlukumeza. Inoveli yaphela ngo-1947, kepha yacishe yaze kwaba khona kanye nokufa kweTennessee, kwaqhubeka amadoda. Uthando Olusha E-Italian Little RAFAELLO LESIKHALAZO LESITOLO ESIPHAKATHI "SPRING MARS BRY."
Isikhathi eside kunazo zonke e-biography kaWilliams kwakuwubudlelwano noFrank Merlo, owahlala cishe iminyaka eyi-15. Le ndoda ayigcinanga nje kuphela ngenhliziyo yombhali, kodwa futhi yathatha imisebenzi kanobhala, yathuthukiswa ezindabeni zasendlini. Nokho, ubuhlakani bobabili, nokho, baholela ekuvulekeni ngukuvukela umbuso, okwakuyimbangela yegebe. Kungekudala ngemuva kokuhlukana, odokotela bathola isigaba sokugcina somdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Lapho esefundile ngalokhu, umdlandla wabuyela esifundeni futhi wanakekela indoda ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe ngo-1963. Ukunakekelwa kukaFrank kwabhapathizelwa i-classic ekucindezelekeni okujulile, wabona okuningi futhi wasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezenqatshelwe. Umlobi waphindwa esibhedlela futhi wabekwa emitholampilo egula ngengqondo.
Ukudramaturgy
Ukudlala kokuqala "ukuduma kwentwasahlobo" le nsizwa yasuka ngo-1937. Kepha ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe- "Glaswar", imisebenzi ye-playwright yahlala ngaphandle kokunaka umphakathi. Kulesi sigameko, ama-American abonisa okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu komuntu siqu kwesikhathi somsebenzi efektri yezicathulo, okwakuzondwa ngomphefumlo wakhe omuhle nozwela.
Umlingiswa ophambili weTom Wingfield ukhumbula isikhathi lapho ngihlala noMama u-Amanda nodadewabo uLaura. Umama oshukumisayo nowokuvelela wayefuna ukuthi indodana yamukele ukwanda, nendodakazi yakhe yashada. Le ntokazi ayinaleli iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi esitolo sezicathulweni ucindezelwe yinsizwa, futhi intombazane ingekenzeki ngengozi emzimbeni - umlenze owodwa weLaura mfushane kunomunye.
I-prototype yezinhlamvu zomdlalo kwakuwumndeni we-Playwright - Edwin kanye nodadewethu uRose, owabhekana nokuhlaselwa kokudangala okude. Indatshana yaphumelela abafundi, yafakwa eBroadway.
Ngo-1947, uWilliams wabhala indalo entsha "Tramu" Isifiso "." Maphakathi nesakhiwo - ukungqubuzana phakathi kweBlanche Dubois noStanley Kovalski. Le ntokazi, esele yasebenza ngaphandle komsebenzi, iza kudadewabo uStella, olindele ingane. Ezobuchwepheshe, zijwayele ukusetha okuyinkimbinkimbi, indlela izivakashi zibangelwa ukwenqatshwa kwendoda uStellie Stanley.
Lo msebenzi ohlanganayo, omubi usebenza njengokuphambene ne-heroine. Indoda yenza konke ukwenza i-blanche, ichithe injabulo yakhe. Ngokuthumela umlingani esibhedlela somama, i-Kowalski idlwengula iDubois, ngemuva kwalokho iyahlanya. Ukudlala kwaphumelela kakhulu futhi kwavikelwa ngo-1951. Izindima eziphambili ekupendweni kwadlalwa ngokugqamile yiVivien Lee noMarlon Brando.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-playwright ishicilela idrama entsha ethi "I-Tattood Rose", ixoxa ngekusasa lesiphetho. USerafina Della Rosa ulahlekelwa ngumyeni wakhe uRosario. Isibhamu nomzimba womuntu ulokhu e-Urn ekhaya. Isikhathi siyadlula, i-heroine ijwayelana nomshayeli we-Alvaro. Uyakuvuma ukuthi kanye nomlingani wakhe ayenakekela ubuhle bendawo u-Esthel. Lezi zindaba zilimaza umfazi, kepha umuzwa omusha obheke umshayeli uthambisa ulaka.
Ngo-1955, i-bibliography kaWilliams igcwaliswa ngokuthi "ikati ophahleni olushisayo". Indaba idlulisela abafundi endlini yezombulezi yezepolitiki ku-Nicknamed Baba omkhulu. Izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe zibhekwa, futhi indodana endalo uHooper ifuna ukuba yindlalifa eyinhloko. Uthando lukababa lusanikezwa isitini esisencane.
Kodwa-ke, azikho izingane, yize indoda ishada. Inhliziyo kaBrick igcina imfihlakalo ehambisana nomkakhe uMaggie nomngane omkhulu we-skipper. Lo mkhiqizo womlobi naye udinwe. Ngo-1958, izilaleli zabona ifilimu lapho izithombe zabalingani abancane zethule ngazo u-Elizabeth Taylor noPaul Newman.
Ngo-1973, ukudlala okungaqondakali "kwababili" kwavela emisebenzini yombhali, uWilliams waqamba kabusha ngomkhumbi. Ngokwesakhiwo, umfowethu nodadewethu bazithola beseshashalazini elahliwe. Ukuphuma endaweni eyinqaba neyingozi, badinga ukwembula izimo zokuzibulala kwabazali.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi weTennessee, uTennessee waphefumulelwa yimisebenzi ka-Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe, ngo-1980, wabhala "i-Trigorin Diary" - ukuguqulwa kweChekhov ". Umbhali waqhubeka nokusebenza nsuku zonke kuze kube usuku lokugcina lokuphila, yize amasilo akhe sekwephuzile ayengasenalo impumelelo yama-50s.
Ukushona
I-Playwright yafa ngoFebhuwari 25, 1983. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwesiphelo seMedispert, imbangela yokufa yahlaselwa yi-cap yesilisa kusuka ku-bubble enomuthi ongenawo umuthi oya epheshana lokuphefumula. Kodwa-ke, kamuva emibikweni bekukhona imininingwane yokuthi umlobi abulawa yi-operotive ephuza ngokweqile kanye ne-sadives.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1937 - "Ukuduma kwezulu"
- Ngo-1944 - "I-Glass ZVerterts"
- Ngo-1947 - "Isifiso" Tram ""
- 1951 - "I-Tattood Rose"
- 1955 - "Ikati ophahleni oluqhekekile"
- 1957 - "U-Orpheus wehlela esihogweni"
- 1959 - "Inyoni Emnandi Yobusha"
- Ngo-1961 - "Ubusuku Base-Iguana"
- Ngo-1969 - "Ebhakeni lehhotela laseTokyo"
- Ngo-1973 - "ucezu lwababili (creek)"
- 1977 - "Ikota yaseFrance"
- 1980 - "Idayari yeTrigorin"
- 1981 - "Okuthile Ngempela, Okucacile"
- 1982 - "House, Ukuhlakulela Ukuwa"
Izics
- Ngo-1950 - "I-Glass Zveraryts"
- 1951 - "Tramu" Isifiso ""
- 1955 - "I-Tattood Rose"
- 1958 - "Ikati ophahleni oluqhekekile"
- Ngo-1959 - "Ngokuphazima kweso, ehlobo eledlule"
- Ngo-1961 - "Roman Spring Mark Stone"
- Ngo-1962 - "Inyoni Emnandi Yobusha"
- Ngo-1964 - "Ubusuku Base-Iguan"