Umlobi uMikhail Bulgakov uthathwa njengombhali ongaqondakali kakhulu wekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Wakhuluma ngesipoki sikaGogol, wadlalwa ekwakhiweni kukaCharles Dickens kanye nokuqoqa amathikithi avela emisebenzini ayenenhlanhla yokuvakashela. Amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeMikhail Bulgakov - ku-Material 24cm.
Ukuxhumana ne-Stalin
Umlando wobudlelwano bomholi nomlobi usabangela ingxoxo. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, uStalin wayepholile ngomsebenzi wombhali, owayegcwele isithembiso se-anti-soviet.Kodwa-ke, omunye umsebenzi wawuthintwe "kuYise wabantu". Lokhu bekungukudlalwa kwezinsuku ze-MCAT "Zulu-Turbine", okuyinto, ngokwemininingwane engaqinisekisiwe, umholi wabuka amahlandla ayi-15. Kamuva, i-bulgakovyady yazama ukuphikisa leli qiniso empilweni yomlobi futhi yathola ngisho nendatshana lapho unkosikazi wesibili uMikhail Afanasyevich wavezwa ukuthi 'kwakunguLipa ".
Ngaleso sikhathi, uStalin wakuhlonipha ukudlala kwe-bulgakov, futhi wabona okushiwo ukusebenza 'emandleni asonhlaphelo eBolshevism, "lapho abantu bethambisa khona ama-turshevism, khona lapho kuphoqelelwa khona ama-turbevis ukuze anqobe intando yabantu.
Ngo-1930, izikhathi ezinzima zeza nge-bulgakov: emsebenzini wenqaba, imidlalo yahlungwa kusuka ku-repertoire, kwavela ukuthi ngeke kuhlale kuqhubeke. Ekhungathekile yisimo, umbhali ubhala incwadi eya ku-Stalin ngesicelo sokuyikhipha phesheya noma ayeke asebenze ngokuphepha ezweni lakubo.
Kusuka kudayari ka-Elena Shilovskaya ukwazile ukubuyisela izehlakalo zalezo zinsuku umyeni wakhe amtshele ngazo. Ngemuva kokuthi le ncwadi ithunyelwe efulethini kwakukhona ubizo lokuzala uStalin, ocele ukuthi akhathele kanjani umlobi ezweni lakubo. Futhi-ke umholi wacela ukusebenza enkundleni yemidlalo yobuciko futhi ahlangane nengxoxo.
Ngemuva kokwethembeka okunjalo kusuka kuNobhala Jikelele, Bulgakov kwaba nomsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa okulindeleke kokuqashelwa uMikhail Afanasyevich akakaze alinde, futhi ingxoxo ehleliwe ayizange yenzeke.
Kamuva, i-bulgakov yabhala i-play "batum" mayelana nentsha yaseStalin. "Ubaba wabantu" wabheka ukukhiqizwa okuhle, kodwa mhlawumbe kusuka kwesizotha, wavimba ukusebenza ngaye.
Lokhu kwancishiswa yimpilo yomlobi, kanye ne-bulgakov kwandisa isifo sefa. Odokotela abahle kakhulu be-USSR bakhangwa ekwelashweni komlobi, kufaka nodokotela uqobo lonobhala jikelele uProfessov.
Iqiniso lempilo yombhali liyathakazelisa, ukuthi uMikhail Avanasyevich alinganise ukulandelela kukaJoseph Vissarionovich ebudlelwaneni obunobungane noSathane, futhi babevame ukuzihlanganisa neqhawe likaJohann Goethe, ubani ngenxa yempumelelo ethengise umphefumulo kuDeveli.
Ubungane NoDeveli
UBulgakov wahlanganiswa intambo eyimfihlakalo nakulowo oshadedele oshade naye ka-Elena Shilovskaya. Ngomhlangano wokuqala omakhono owesimame, iribhoni lidabula, futhi yacela ngokulandelana ukubopha umlobi wethoyilethi yomlobi.
Kamuva, uMikhail Afanasyevich uzobuyisa isiprofetho seKiev Gypsy, esizokusho ukuthi yilesi sisho sakudala: "Umfazi wokuqala - ovela kuNkulunkulu, owesithathu - ovela kuDeveli." Basho ukuthi i-bulgakov yabonakala ezinkumbulweni nangomfazi obizwa ngokuthi "umthakathi", ngokuzicabangela ukucelwa njengomhlangano wokuqala.
Okuxakile ngokwanele, kepha ngokufika kwa-Helena, impilo ye-bulgakov yathuthuka ngcono, futhi umkakhe wanakekela imibhalo yesandla yomyeni wakhe waqoqa yonke iphepha. Umsebenzi wenoveli ngoDeveli uhambe lula, futhi iBhodi Lombhalo lazalwa, lapho okuchazwa khona kweWaland kuhlala khona amakhasi ayi-15, okwakusola ngabomvu uMikhail Afanasyevich onomlingiswa ochaziwe wenoveli.
Uma ungeza lokho kuma-30s we-bulgakov, kuqhathaniswa nabanye abaculi, waphila ngokuzithoba futhi akazange athuthumele ekubizeleni umnyango, umfazi wombhali naye wasolwa ngamandla angcolile. Amahemuhemu ngokuzibandakanya kwe-bulgakov yama-masons kanye nokubamba iqhaza kumasiko okuthambisa.
Ukunqamula Ukubuyekezwa
Kumaqiniso athakazelisayo ngoMikhail Bulgakov, kufanele kungezwe ukuthi umbhali wazibiza ngokuthi "impisi eshisiwe", ngoba, naphezu kwethalente lokudala, igagasi lokugxekwa lishaye umlobi. Yebo, futhi umbhali ngokwakhe wathi kuye kuye, ekholelwa ukuthi udala uRvani, okufanele avutha futhi acashile kubantu.Eminyakeni edlule, izibuyekezo ezingama-298 ezinobutha sezivele eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela ngesikhathi semisebenzi yokubhala. Futhi abathathu kuphela 'abancomekayo.'
Umfazi wesibili womlobi UTHANDO UBlozerskaya wavuma ukuthi i-Bulgakov yaqoqa ama-clippings kusuka kumaphephandaba nomagazini ngemisebenzi yayo kwi-albhamu ehlukile. Futhi njengoba inani lokubuyekezwa likhula, isimo se-bulgakov sanaka. Umbhali wacasuka, wahlupheka ngenxa yokuqwasha nokunyakaza kokuzithandela kwekhanda nasehlombe.
Kamuva, umbhali wesithathu womlobi ngo-1967 wadlula ohlwini lwe-Sulzhenitsyn yezitha zikaSulgakov, lapho amaphakethe, imikhaza namaphuzu ame phambi kwezibongo ezidumile. Ngo-2004, i-athikili yeSolzhenitsyn "Imiklomelo Mikhail Bulgakov," Imiklomelo, uMikhail Bulgakov, empilweni futhi ekhishwa ngodaba lwe- "New World", lapho kwathenjiswa khona lapho umfelokazi ka Umlobi, kanye nohlu oluhlukile lwezitha zenkemba ".
Prototypes ku- "Master kanye neMargarita"
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Bulgakov waba yinoveli ethi "Master kanye neMargarita". Imibono yokuthi ngubani waba yiPrototype ye-Master, ephambukile. Phakathi kwezinguqulo ezithandwayo amagama akwaMaxim Gorky, OSIP Mandelstam, Faust, Yeshua. Kukhona nomcabango wokuthi ngezindlela eziningi isithombe seNkosi silotshwe kuMbhali ngokwakhe, njengoba kufakazelwa yiminyaka yobudala bomlingiswa, kanye namacebo okugxekwa kwemisebenzi yeMikhail Afanasyevich.
I-prototype kaMargarita kwakungunkosikazi wesithathu wombhali u-Elena Shilovskaya, owayebhekwa njengomnyuziyamu we-bulgakov. Njenge-prototype, uMargarita ngesikhathi sokwazi ne-Master kwakungahambelani. Ukufana kwalandelwa encazelweni ye-heroine. Indaba eyimfihlakalo yokuthi uSulgakov watshela ubani kuphela umkakhe ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe kwaxhunyaniswa no-Elena.
Kwavela ukuba sendlini lapho kwakuhlala khona umlingani wesithathu esizayo, anikine ikhanda "indoda encane ephansi kakhulu", efana ne-gogol. Ngemuva kwalokho uMikhail Afanasyevich akazange anikeze incazelo kuleli qiniso, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isimo sasisulwa.
I-prototype ibiyimvubu. I-prototype of Assistant Valinda yaba ikati eliqanjwe ngumbonga. Ngokusho koshade wesibili, umbhali waphefumulela ukwakhiwa kwemvubu ye-hippopotamus kafulawa wekati, umbhali akazange athathe ezandleni zakhe ngenxa yokuncipha, kodwa wavumela i-balovenica ukuba ihlale etafuleni lokubhala, ibeka ucezu lwephepha.
Kanye nesiphakamiso esiyimfihlakalo ngokuphelele semvelaphi ye-hippitty kusho ukuthi ngegama lesidlaliso, uBulgakov wayehlala kowesifazane ongenakhaya endlini yomlobi, kodwa inja ehlakaniphile eyayazi amahlandla ayi-12 ekhonkotha ngaphansi kwempi yoNyaka oMusha, yize Isilwane asikufundisi.
Ukuchitha
Kumaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeMikhail Bulgakov, kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi umbhali wayengazi ukuthi kufanele aphathe kanjani imali. Emshadweni wokuqala, akakaze akwazi ukwenza ukonga. Umakoti waya e-altare ngaphandle kokufa. Abazali benduna yokuqala kaBulgakov bamthumela okuqukethwe okuhle, kepha umbhali ophoqelelayo angachitha lokhu e-Taxi Trip. Ukuhlobisa imihlobiso kwakubekwe njalo eLombard.Kodwa-ke, uMikhail Afanasyevich waphenduka isici esijabulisayo. Lapho imali yokugcina ihlala idla, umbhali waya ekhasino, wenza okuwukuphela kwakhe futhi wanqoba. Lesi sipho wayevame ukungavamile futhi aphelelwe yithemba.
Isethulo
UMikhail Bulgakov waba umlutha obhubhisayo. Ukusiza ingane ukuba ibulale i-diphtheria ngo-1917, umlobi waqala ukusola ukuthi watheleleka. Ukuze ugweme ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, uSulgakov wazethula ekuphikisaneni Serum lapho kuvela khona imiphumela emibi.
Umbhali unobuso nomzimba ombozwe ngokuqhuma, kwaqala izinhlungu. Ukukhipha izimpawu, unkosikazi we-bulgakov wollen morphine, ngakusasa inqubo yaphindwa ngeprophylaxis. Lokhu kwavela kwanele ukuthuthukisa umlutha.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, kwaqhutshwa izinhlungu, kanye nomkhuba wokuthatha isidakamizwa, manje esiya esigungu, sasala. Gcina unkosikazi wokuqala we-bulgakov kusuka kokuncamelayo komyeni wakhe, okuthi esikhundleni se-ampoules morphine wabeka amanzi ancishisiwe futhi kancane kancane anciphise isilinganiso se-morphine namanzi emjovo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuncika kuvuselelwa "ukwephula" nokudangala okunzima kakhulu. Ngo-1918, uSulgakov usevele wafuna i-morphine kumkakhe, aphonsa i-primis evuthayo kuyo futhi asongele isivukeli. Okunye kokuhlaselwa egumbini elingene kulo, ngokusho kombhali, uGogol, owasesabisa i-Bulgakov ngomunwe. Kwakunomphumela ofanele. Ngemuva kwalolo suku, ukuncika kwaqala ukubuyela emuva. Kukholakala ukuthi umbhali akazange athintwe okuningi ezidakamizweni.
Futhi ngonyaka ka-2015 kwaziwa ukuthi ekhasini lesandla 'yombhalo wesandla "Master kanye neMargarita" ososayensi bathola iminonjana ye-morphine. Lolu cwaningo lwabandakanya amakhasi angu-127, adalwe kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1940. Cishe umuthi ushaye amashidi ephepha kungaba kusuka kumathe, noma ngesikhumba somlobi.
Amakhasi okuqala ombhalo wesandla aqukethe iminonjana emincane yento ye-psychoactive, futhi kutholakala ama-5 ama-zs ekhasini lesahluko sesishiyagalombili. Okwamanje, yenza ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisa namasampula aleyo minyaka, okuzothola ukuthi ngubani oshiywe umuthi - umbhali noma abasebenzi be-NKVD, wehlulekile. Okwamanje, kwacaciswa ukuthi ngabe amaBlangus wezidakamizwa amukelwa ngemuva kuka-1936, akwazanga ukuthembeka.
Klad
Ivala ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeMikhail Bulgakov, amandla wepeni master ngokuningiliziwe nangokubona ukuchaza izehlakalo ngemisebenzi yazo. Kuleveli ethi "White Guard", uMikhail Afanasyevich, uchaze isidleke somndeni we-turbine, uthatha izinkumbulo ezisejunior zendlu eKiev njengesisekelo.
Futhi konke kuzolunga, kepha kuleyo noveli, kuvela umcebo osusiwe, obhekisa abafundi, futhi babheka igolide le-turbine ekwakhiweni, okwakuchithwa ngokuphelele kunalokho okulethwa kubahlali ekhelini lomlobi.