I-Biograge
UDavid Ricardo ungumnotho waseBrithani owabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwemibono yokuncintisana, izindleko nemali. Waba ngumbhali womqondo mayelana nezindlela zokuqashwa komhlaba. Ukuba ngumlandeli ka-Adam Smith, uRicardo wathuthukisa imibono yefilosofi futhi wakhe umbono wokusatshalaliswa. Uchaze inani lezindleko zezimpahla ngezindleko zabasebenzi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo phakathi kwamamaki omphakathi.Ubuntwana nentsha
UDavid Ricardo wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 18, 1772 eLondon. Waba yingxenye yesithathu yezingane eziyi-17 ezalwe ngu-Abigail Delevall kusukela kumlingani ka-Abraham Ricardo. Umndeni wamaJuda asePutukezi wasuka eHolland waya e-UK ngaphambi nje kokubukeka kwengane. Ubaba womfana wasebenza njengomthengisi wamasheya.
Ngaphansi kuka-14, uDavide wafunda eHolland, wabe eseqala ukwamukela amakhono eRicardo-Senior, asiza ukusebenza eLondon Stock Exchange. Lapha, le nsizwa igqugquzelwa yizentengiselwano, ibamba iqhaza ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi yokuhweba. Ubaba walishiya ngesizotha indodana eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala ukuze imkhulu futhi yamethemba ukugcwaliseka kwemiyalo enomthwalo wemfanelo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Lapho insizwa ibineminyaka engama-21 ubudala, washada noPrisila Ann Wilkinson. Ukuzibophezela ebuJudeni ebusheni nasebusheni, ukuhlanganisa umshado, uRicardo wamukela ukholo lwaseNationary. Abazali bakhe babephikisana nalokhu okuthandwa yinkolo akwenzayo ukuxabana. UDavid kwadingeka enze ukukhetha, futhi wakhetha izinkolelo zikaYise nempilo yakhe uqobo. Emva kwalokho, izihlobo azizange zikhulume.URicardo wayengenaso isidingo sezinsizakusebenza ezibonakalayo, esephelelwe ukusekelwa nokusekelwa kwawo ngendlela yomndeni. Ngesikhathi ekwazile ukukala inani elilingana nomholo weChernobia iminyaka engama-20. Ubuye abe nesipiliyoni emkhakheni wokushintshana imisebenzi kanye nekhono lokuzivikela, umlingani nezingane. By the way, unkosikazi wethule umnotho wezingane eziyisishiyagalombili. Amadodana amabili walobo babili waba amalungu ePhalamende, kanti omunye waba yisikhulu soLunogada.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Ngemuva kokuxabana nabazali, uDavide waqala ukudala eyakhe ibhizinisi. Enye yezindlu zamabhange ayesekele. Kamuva, uRicardo wakwazi ukuthola imali enkulu, ecashuna ngempi eWaterloo. Ngokusho kwamaphephandaba alesosikhathi, ngaleso sikhathi, wathola u- £ 1 million. Le nto eyenze kwaba nengqinamba ukuthi bashiye phansi izindlu, bathenge ifa le-gloucestershire futhi baba ngumnikazi womhlaba ocebile.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uDavid Ricardo wayengasazijwayeze emkhakheni wemisebenzi yezezimali, kodwa wanikela nge-biography yakhe yecoory yezomnotho. Isithakazelo kule ndawo sivuke sisuka endodeni emuva ngo-1799, ngemuva kokwazi nencwadi u-Adam Smith "Ingcebo Yabantu". Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, wanyathelisa indatshana yombhali wokuqala. Ngo-1817, umsebenzi oyinhloko weBritish washicilelwa - umsebenzi we- "Isiqalo somnotho wezepolitiki kanye nentela".
UDavid wabandakanyeka ekucwaningeniseni izindaba ezithinta izintshisekelo zezigaba zomphakathi ezahlukahlukene. Enye yezimpikiswano ezibukhali lapho azama khona ukuthola, waba yimisebenzi ngesinkwa esingeniswa ezweni. Baletha inzuzo kubanini bomhlaba, kepha bathinta amaholo kwabasebenzi okwakudingeka bathenge umkhiqizo obizayo. Kulesi simo, uRicardo wavikela izintshisekelo zabakhiqizi abaphoqelekile ukuthi bafune imali yokwandisa amaholo.
Ehlobo lika-1819, indoda yaba yilungu lendlu yama-commons futhi yathola indawo ePhalamende, yathenga igunya. I-Economist ithole isithombe soMguquko. Ngokusemthethweni, wayehlala engeyena ingxenye, kodwa imibono yabameleli beVigov, ngokungafani noTori, basondela kuye. Umcwaningi owenzile emihlanganweni, exhasa ukuqedwa "kwemithetho yesinkwa", aphawula ngokukhululeka komnotho, amathuba okuhweba kwamahhala nokwehla kwezikweletu zomphakathi.
Ithiyori enomthelela emnothweni, echaza inhlokodolobha, imfundiso yokuqasha nemiholo, kanye nethiyori yemali. Lesi sakamuva sasisuselwa kuma-postulates afana neleveli yegolide.
Umqondo womcwaningi obhekisise ukuthi uMbuso akufanele uphatheke emnothweni emnothweni, kanye nobusomabhizinisi - ukuba nemikhawulo ebalulekile, bekususelwa emibonweni esemqoka:
- Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zemali ehambelana nezifundo, phakathi kwazo: I-Rentrent ingeyabanini bomhlaba, inzuzo - obabazekayo kanye nabanikazi, iholo - abasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi bokukhiqiza;
- Umnotho wezepolitiki kufanele unqume imithetho ekusatshalaliswa kwemali;
- Umbuso akufanele ubambe iqhaza ekukhiqizweni nasekusandleni. Intela inguhlobo oluphambili lokuxhumana phakathi kombuso nabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, intela kumele igcinwe iphansi ukugwema ubuphofu. Umthombo wokucebisa wesizwe uqoqiwe.
URicardo wayengowokuqala ukwakha ukuthi inkolelo yezindleko zabasebenzi ichazwa kanjani ngokwesilinganiso sezintengo zezimpahla ezingokwesimo somncintiswano wokuncintisana. Isazi sefilosofi saphawula ngombono wezindleko othuthukile, sitshelwe ngemithetho lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhanjiswa kwemikhiqizo phakathi kwamakilasi.
UDavid wayekholelwa ukuthi ngokwanda kwemiholo kuzoba khona ukuqhuma kwabantu. Kungaholela ekwehleni kwenani lenkokhelo yabasebenzi ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labasebenzi kanye nokukhula kweziphakamiso zezinsizakalo zabo. Ekhuluma ngokungasebenzi, isazi sezomnotho sikholelwa ukuthi wayengeyona indawo emnothweni wemakethe, ngoba abantu abaningi bafa.
Isazi sefilosofi sisungule umbono wezinzuzo zokuqhathanisa, ekholelwa ukuthi izwe ngalinye kufanele lisebenze ngokukhiqiza imikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu ngokuqhathanisa. Ekwenziweni kwezimpahla ezinjalo ngohulumeni, izindleko zabasebenzi kufanele zinciphe. Umbono wokuhlukaniswa kwezwe wakuqala waveza ukuthi ukuhweba kwamahhala kuholela ekuhlelweni kokwenziwa kwezikhundla zikakhonkolo ezweni ngalinye. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwandeni kwevolumu yezimpahla nokukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla.
Ukushona
UDavid Ricardo ushone ekwindla ka-1823. Imbangela yokufa kwakuwukutheleleka kwendlebe ephakathi, ecasulwe yi-SEPSIS. Ithuna le-Economist edumile litholakala eWiltshire, emathuneni aseSt Nicholas.Ezincwadini zemibhalo kwezomnotho zishicilela imidwebo ye-theorist. Encwadini ethi "Intsha Yesayensi. Impilo nemibono yolwazi - abasolwa bezomnotho ngaphambi kwe-marx "bazinikele kuye yikhanda elibizwa nge-" David Ricardo: UGenius ovela eDiodi. "
Amacaphuna
- "Amanzi nomoya kuwusizo kakhulu, kudingeka ngokuqondile ukuba khona, noma kunjalo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, azikwazi ukuthola lutho ngokushintshana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, igolide, yize ukusetshenziswa kwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya noma amanzi kuncane kakhulu, kushintshana ngenani elikhulu lezinye izimpahla. "
- "Ngakho-ke, ukusebenziseka akusona isilinganiso senani lokushintshana, yize kubalulekile ngokuphelele kulokhu. Uma isihloko singalungele lutho, ngamanye amagama, uma singasebenzi njengezidingo zethu, uzoncishwa izindleko zokushintshana, noma ngabe yinani lezisebenzi ezidingekayo ukuze zizokwemukela. "
- "Izwe laseCountyyal kungaba yinto eyinhloko, noma elixoxisanayo ngokuya ngezinga lokuqina kwalo."
- "Kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwalo ukunciphisa imali enkulu ezweni; Ngakho-ke, uma izindleko [ezingekho ekhiqizweni] zabantu kanye nohulumeni ziyaqhubeka futhi uma ukukhiqizwa minyaka yonke kuhlale kuncipha, izinsizakusebenza zabantu kanye noMbuso zizowela ngesivinini esandayo, futhi umphumela uzoba mpofu. "
I-Bibliography
- I-1810 - "Intengo ephakeme yemigoqo yegolide: Ubufakazi bokwehla kwama-banknotes"
- Ngo-1815 - "I-Essay esebenza ngentengo ephansi yokusanhlamvu yesivuno esikhulu"
- 1817 - "Ukuqala komnotho wezepolitiki kanye nentela"