Ubuzima
David Ricardo ni umuhanga mu by'Ubwongereza ukorana iterambere ry'ibitekerezo by'amarushanwa, ikiguzi n'amafaranga. Yabaye umwanditsi w'igitekerezo kijyanye n'ubukode bw'ubutaka. Kuba umuyoboke wa Adam Smith, Ricardo yateje imbere ibitekerezo bya filozofiya kandi yubaka inyigisho yo gukwirakwiza. Yasobanuye agaciro k'igiciro cyibicuruzwa binyuze mumafaranga yumurimo no kugabana kwabo hagati yicyiciro cya rubanda.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
David Ricardo yavutse ku ya 18 Mata 1772 i Londres. Yaje kuba uwa gatatu w'abana 17 bavutseho ibigega bya Abigail kuva uwo bashakanye wa Aburahamu Ricardo. Umuryango w'Abayahudi b'Abaporutugali bimukiye mu Buholandi mu Bwongereza mbere gato yo kwitaba umwana. Se w'umuhungu yakoraga nk'umuhuza w'imigabane.
Munsi yimyaka 14, Dawidi yiganye mu Buholandi, hanyuma atangira gufata ubuhanga bwa Ricardo-sekuru, afasha gukora mungurana imigabane ya London. Hano, umusore aterwa nubucuruzi, yitabira ishyirwa mubikorwa ryibikorwa byubucuruzi. Papa yavuye mu butuje kuva umuhungu w'imyaka 16 kubwingenzi kandi akizera isohozwa ry'amabwiriza ashinzwe.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Igihe umusore yari afite imyaka 21, yashakanye na Pirisila Ann Wilkinson. Kuba wiyemeje idini ry'Abayahudi mu bwana n'urubyiruko, guhuza ishyingiranwa, Ricardo yemeye kwizera kwa Unitariya. Ababyeyi be barwanyaga iki shimiwe ry'amadini ko yaretse ibyo mutumvikanaho. Dawidi yagombaga guhitamo, kandi ahitamo imyizerere ya se n'ubuzima bwa nyina bwite. Nyuma yibyo, abavandimwe ntibavuganye.Ricardo ntabwo yari akeneye amikoro, amaze gutakaza inkunga n'inkunga muburyo bwumuryango. Mugihe yashoboye gukwirakwiza amafaranga angana numushahara wa Chernobia imyaka 20. Yari afite kandi uburambe mu rwego rwo gukora kungurana ibitekerezo n'ubushobozi bwo kwizeza, uwo bashakanye ndetse n'abana. By the the the the the the the, umugore yerekanye umugenzacyaha ku bavandimwe umunani. Abahungu babiri b'Abi bombi babaye abadepite, kandi umwe yari umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z'umwami.
Ibikorwa bya siyansi
Nyuma yo gutongana n'ababyeyi, Dawidi yatangiye kurema ibikorwa bye. Imwe mu nzu ya banki zamushyigikiye. Nyuma yaho, Ricardo yashoboye kubona amahirwe, atekereza ku ntambara kuri Waterloo. Dukurikije ibinyamakuru byo muri kiriya gihe, kuri ibyo bikoresho, yinjije miliyoni 1. Aya mafaranga yatumye bishoboka ko agura, kugura imitungo muri gloucestershire hanyuma ahinduke nyir'ubutunzi.
Icyo gihe, David Ricardo ntiyari agishora mu bikorwa mu bijyanye n'imari y'imari, ariko yiyeguriye ubuzima bwe bw'igitekerezo cy'ubukungu. Inyungu muri kariya gace kabyutse kumugabo ugarutse muri 1799, nyuma yo kumenyera igitabo Adam Smith "Ubutunzi bwabantu". Nyuma yimyaka 10, yasohoye inyandiko yambere yumwanditsi. Mu 1817, umurimo w'ingenzi w'Abongereza wasohowe - umurimo w '"utangira ubukungu bwa politiki no gusoreshwa".
David yishora mu bushakashatsi ibibazo bigira ingaruka ku nyungu z'amasomo atandukanye. Imwe mu kwivuguruza cyane yagerageje kubimenya, aba inshingano ku mugati watumijwe mu gihugu. Bazanye inyungu mu ba nyir'ubutaka, ariko bagira ingaruka ku mushahara ku bakozi bagombaga kugura ibicuruzwa bihenze. Muri ibi bihe, Ricardo yarwaniye inyungu z'abakora bahatiwe gushaka amafaranga yo kongera umushahara.
Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1819, umugabo yabaye umwe mu bagize inzu y'imiryango kandi ahabwa umwanya mu nteko ishinga amategeko, yaguze manda. UBUYOBOZI bwungutse ishusho yumuvugurura. Mu buryo bw'umurima, yagumye atari we, ariko ibitekerezo byagaciro bya Vigov, bitandukanye na Tori, byagaragaye ko bamubera hafi. Umushakashatsi wakozwe mu nama, ashyigikira ikurwaho ry '"amategeko y'Umugati", atanga ibisobanuro ku kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu, amahirwe yo gucuruza ubuntu no kugabanuka mu mwenda rusange.
Ubuvuzi bwagize uruhare mu bukungu, mu gusobanura igishoro, icyerekezo cyo gukodesha n'umushahara, ndetse n'amafaranga y'amafaranga. Iheruka yari ishingiye kuri posmulate isa nibisanzwe bya zahabu.
Igitekerezo cy'umushakashatsi wasuzumye ko Leta itagomba kwivanga mu bukungu, kandi mu buryo bwo kwihangira imirimo - kugira ibibujijwe - kugira ibibujijwe bikomeye, byari bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'ingenzi:
- Hariho ubwoko 3 bwinjira buhuye n'amasomo, muribo: Ubukode ni ubw'imiryango, inyungu - ababyarwa ba capitalita, umushahara - umushahara - abakozi bashinzwe abakozi n'abakozi;
- Ubukungu bwa politiki bugomba kumenya amategeko yerekeye gukwirakwiza amafaranga;
- Leta ntigomba kugira uruhare mu gukora no kugabura. Imisoro nuburyo nyamukuru bwo gukora imikoranire hagati ya leta nabantu. Muri icyo gihe, imisoro igomba kuguma hasi kugirango yirinde ubukene. Inkomoko yo kwerusha igihugu.
Ricardo niwe wambere wateguwe uburyo inyigisho yimirimo yasobanuwe mugihe cyibiciro byibicuruzwa murwego rwo guhatana. Umufilozofe yagize icyo avuga ku nyigisho yashize yateye imbere, yabwiye amategeko agenga ikwirakwizwa hagati y'amasomo rikorwa.
Dawidi yizeraga ko yiyongereye mu mushahara mu kaga hazabaho iturika rya demokarasi. Irashobora kuganisha ku kugabanuka ku bwinshi bw'imigeromo y'abantu kubera kwiyongera k'abakozi no gukura kw'ibyifuzo bya serivisi zabo. Kuvugisha ubushomeri, UBUYOBOZI BWANDITSWE BYATANZWE KO AHO ARI MU MUNYWE MU MUNYWE MU MASOKO, kubera ko abaturage barenze bapfuye.
Philosopher yateguye inyigisho zibyiza zigereranya, kwizera ko buri gihugu kigomba kuba umwihariko mubikorwa byibicuruzwa bifite imikorere ikomeye. Mu gukora ibicuruzwa bya Leta na Leta, amafaranga yumurimo agomba kugabanuka. Igitekerezo cyo kugabana k'ubutaka bw'umurimo wasobanuye ko ubucuruzi bwubusa buganisha ku mbaraga yo gukora imyanya nyayo muri buri gihugu. Ibi bigira uruhare mu kwiyongera kw'ibicuruzwa no kuzamura imikurire muri leta.
Urupfu
David Ricardo yapfuye azize imyaka 1823. Impamvu y'urupfu yari infection y'umutwe wo hagati, yarakajwe na sepsis. Imva y'uwabukungu uzwi cyane iherereye i Wiltshire, mu irimbi rya Mutagatifu Nicholas.Mubitabo byibitabo mu Nkoko zitangaza Amashusho ya Telerist. Mu gitabo "Urubyiruko rwa Siyansi. Ubuzima n'ibitekerezo by'ubukungu-by'ubukungu mbere ya Marx "bimwitangira ku mutwe witwa" David Ricardo: Umuhanga mu mujyi. "
Amagambo
- "Amazi n'umuyaga ni ingirakamaro cyane, birakenewe mu buryo butaziguye kubaho, ariko, mubihe bisanzwe, ntibashobora kubona ikintu mu kungurana ibitekerezo. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, zahabu, nubwo akamaro kayo ugereranije n'umwuka cyangwa amazi ari bito, kungurana ibitekerezo byinshi. "
- "Rero, akamaro ntabwo ari urugero rwo guhanahana agaciro, nubwo ari ngombwa rwose kubwiyi nyuma. Niba ingingo idakwiriye ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose, muyandi magambo, niba adakora ibyo dukeneye, azamburwa ikiguzi cyo kuvunja, nubwo yari akenewe gute kugirango ubyakire. "
- "Igihugu cyo kubara ni kinini, cyangwa kikaganira bitewe n'urwego rwo kuramba."
- Ati: "Birakenewe kugabanya umusaruro wo kugabanya igishoro mu gihugu; Ku bw'ivyo rero, niba ibyo [bidafite umusaruro] byakoreshejwe kandi niba imyororokere ngarukamwaka ihora igabanuka, umutungo w'abaturage na leta uzagwa mu muvuduko, kandi ibisubizo bizaba ubukene no kurimbuka. "
Bibliografiya
- 1810 - "Igiciro kinini cya Zahabu: Icyemezo cyo guta agaciro inoti"
- 1815 - "Inyandiko ku ngaruka z'igiciro gito cy'ingano ku musaruro mukuru"
- 1817 - "Intangiriro yubukungu bwa politiki no gusoreshwa"