David Ricardo - chithunzi, mbiri yamunthu, moyo wamunthu, wakupha, wazachuma

Chiphunzitso

David Ricardo ndi azachuma a Britain omwe anali akuchita chitukuko cha mpikisano, mtengo ndi ndalama. Anakhala wolemba lingaliro la mitundu yanyumba. Popeza anali wotsatira wa Adamu smith, Ricardo adapanga malingaliro a Philosopher ndipo adapanga chiphunzitso chagawika. Adafotokoza mtengo wa mtengo wa katundu kudzera pazokwera mtengo ndi kufalikira kwawo pakati pa anthu ambiri.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

David Ricardo adabadwa pa Epulo 18, 1772 ku London. Anapezeka kuti anali ana achitatu a ana 17 obadwa ndi Abigayeli kuti athetse mkazi wa Abrahamu Ricardo. Banja la Ayuda omwe adasamukira ku Holguguese kupita ku UK atatsala pang'ono kuoneka ngati mwana. Bambo a mnyamatayo amagwira ntchito ngati wotsatsa malonda.

Pazaka 14, Davide anaphunzira ku Holland, kenako anayamba kukhala ndi luso la Ricardo-wamkulu, akuthandiza kugwira ntchito ku London Stock Exchange. Apa, mnyamatayo amalimbikitsidwa ndi malonda, kutenga nawo mbali pakukonzanso malonda. Bambowo adasiya mwana wazaka 16zi kuti akamukhulupirire kukwaniritsidwa kwa malangizo odalirika.

Moyo Wanu

Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 21, anakwatirana ndi Priscinson Wilkinson. Kukhala wodzipereka ku Chiyuda muubwana ndi unyamata, kuphatikiza ukwati, Ricardo adavomereza chikhulupiriro cha kuchipembedzo. Makolo ake anali otsutsana ndi izi zomwe adazipeza kusamvana. David adayenera kupanga chisankho, ndipo adasankha zikhulupiriro za abambo ake ndi moyo wa amayi ake. Pambuyo pake, abale sanalankhule.

Ricardo sanakhale ndi vuto lazinthu zakuthupi, ataya kuthandizidwa ndi banja. Pofika nthawi yomwe adakwanitsa kuwuzira ndalamazo zofanana ndi malipiro a a Chernobia kwa zaka 20. Komanso anali ndi chidziwitso m'munda wosinthanitsa ndi kuthekera kodziteteza, mkazi ndi ana. Mwa njira, mkaziyo adawonetsa abale achuma kwa abale asanu ndi atatu. Ana awiri mwa awiriwo adakhala mamembala a Nyumba Yamalamulo, ndipo m'modzi anali mkulu wa alonda achifumu.

Ntchito Yasayansi

Atakangana ndi makolowo, David adayamba kupanga bizinesi yake. Nyumba imodzi ya mabanki idamuthandiza. Pambuyo pake, Ricardo adakwanitsa kupeza ndalama zambiri, kutanthauzira ndi nkhondo yam'madzi. Malinga ndi manyuzipepala a nthawi imeneyo, pa ntchito izi, adapeza ndalama za $ 1 miliyoni. Ndalamazi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke, gulani malo ku Gloucestershire ndikukhala wolemera.

Pofika nthawi imeneyi, David Ricardo sanalinso wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma anali wofatsa mbiri yake yazachuma. Chidwi m'derali unadzutsa kuchokera kwa munthu mchaka cha 1799, mutadziwa bwino buku la adam Smith "chuma". Pambuyo pazaka 10, adasindikiza nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya wolemba. Mu 1817, ntchito yayikulu ya Britain idasindikizidwa - ntchito ya "chuma chandale komanso misonkho".

David adagwira ntchito yofufuza kukhudze mtima za zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zakufa kwambiri zomwe amayesa kulingalira, adakhala ntchito pa mkate womwe umachokera kudzikolo. Amabweretsa phindu kwa eni eni, koma anakhudza malipirowo kwa ogwira ntchito omwe anayenera kugula chinthu chamtengo wapatali. M'nkhaniyi, Ricardo adateteza zofuna za opanga omwe adakakamizidwa kupempha ndalama zowonjezera malipiro.

M'chilimwe cha 1819, bambo wina anakhala membala wa nyumba ya commons ndikulandila malo ku Nyumba yamalamulo, adagula. Economist yapeza chithunzi cha wokonzanso. Mwamwayi, sanakhale parpan, koma malingaliro a oimira a Vigov, mosiyana ndi tori, adakhala pafupi naye. Wofufuzayo adachita pamisonkhano, kuchirikiza kuwonongeka kwa "malamulo a mkate", kuthirira ndemanga pazachuma, kuthekera kwa malonda aulere ndi kuchepa kwa ngongole yapagulu.

Theoretical adathandizira pachuma, pofotokoza likulu, lingaliro la renti ndi malipiro, komanso chiphunzitso cha ndalama. Omaliza anali ozikidwa pamalemba ofanana ndi muyezo wagolide.

Lingaliro la wofufuza yemwe adaganiza kuti boma siliyenera kusokoneza chuma, ndipo bizinesi - kukhala ndi zoletsa zazikulu, zidakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro akulu:

• Pali mitundu itatu ya ndalama zofananira ndi makalasi, yomwe: renti ndi ya eni malo, phindu - likulu ndi eni ake - ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito;
• Chuma chandale chikuyenera kudziwa malamulo ogulitsa;
• Boma siliyenera kutenga nawo mbali popanga ndi kugawa. Misonkho ndiye mtundu waukulu wolumikizana pakati pa boma ndi anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, misonkho iyenera kukhala yotsika popewa umphawi. Gwero la Kupindulitsa kwa Mtunduwo.

Ricardo anali woyamba kupanga momwe chiphunzitso chogwiritsira ntchito chikugulitsidwa chimafotokozedwa muyezo wa mitengo yomwe ili pa mpikisano wopikisana. Philosophero adayankha lingaliro lotukuka mtengo, lidafotokoza za malamulo omwe kugawana zinthu pakati pamakalasi kumachitika.

Davide anakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chowonjezeka padzakhala kuphulika kwa anthu. Zimatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zolipirira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito ndi kukula kwa malingaliro pazomwe amachita. Kunena za kusowa kwa ntchito, Economist ankakhulupirira kuti sanali malo achuma, chifukwa anthu ochulukirapo amafa.

Afilosofi awonjezera chiphunzitsochi cha maubwino ofananira, pokhulupirira kuti dziko lililonse liyenera kupanga mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi luso lalikulu kwambiri. Kupanga katundu wotere ndi boma, mtengo wogwira ntchito kuyenera kuchepa. Chiphunzitso cha magawano osudzulidwa adafotokoza kuti malonda aulere amatsogolera kuwulutsa masitepe a konkriti mdziko lililonse. Izi zimathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zochulukirapo m'maiko.

Imfa

David Ricardo adamwalira kumapeto kwa 1823. Choyambitsa imfa chinali matenda a khutu lakumwa zamkati, zopsinjika ndi sepsis. Manda achuma otchuka amakhala mu Wiltshire, kumanda a St. Nicholas.

M'mabuku omwe ali pachuma amafalitsa zisonyezo za thehire. M'buku la "Achinyamata a Sayansi. Moyo ndi malingaliro odziwa-azachuma Asanapo ndi Marx "ali odzipereka pamutu wotchedwa" David Ricardo: anzeru ochokera mumzinda. "

Mawu

• "Madzi ndi mpweya ndi mpweya ndizothandiza kwambiri, ndizofunikira mwachindunji, komabe, sizingapeze chilichonse kusinthana. M'malo mwake, golide, ngakhale chogwiritsira ntchito poyerekeza ndi mpweya kapena madzi ndi ochepa kwambiri, amasinthana ndi zinthu zina zambiri. "
• "Chifukwa chake, zothandiza si njira yothetsera phindu losinthana, ngakhale ndilofunika kwambiri kwa izi. Ngati mutuwo suyenera chilichonse, mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati sakugwira ntchito monga zosowa zathu, sadzayenera kuwononga ndalama, ngakhale atakhala ocheperako, kapena ndalama zingati kuti muulandire. "
• "Countl Cournal ndiakulu, kapena okhoza kukambirana kutengera kuchuluka kwa kulimba kwake."
• "Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kupanga kuti achepetse ikulu ku dzikolo; Chifukwa chake, ngati zinthu zopanda ntchito zoterezi ndi zofananira] ndi maboma zimapitilira ndipo ngati ngati kubereka pachaka kumachepa kutsika nthawi zonse, zinthu za anthu ndi boma zidzagwa ndi liwiro ndi kuwonongeka. "

M'bali

• 1810 - "Mtengo wokwera wa golide: Umboni wakugwa wa banki"
• 1815 - "Nkhani yokhudza mtengo wamtengo wotsika mtengo"
• 1817 - "Kuyamba kwa Zachuma ndi Misonkho"