Tari
David Ricardo ne masanin tattalin arziki na Burtaniya wanda ya tsunduma cikin cigaban ayyukan gasar, farashi da kuɗi. Ya zama marubucin ra'ayi game da siffofin haya. Kasancewa mai bin Adamu na Adam Smith, Ricardo ya kamu da dabarun Fallaher kuma ya gina ka'idar rarraba. Ta bayyana darajar farashin kaya ta hanyar kashe aiki da kuma rarraba su tsakanin darajojin jama'a.Yaro da matasa
David Ricardo aka haife shi a Afrilu 18, 1772 a London. Ya juya ya zama na uku na 'ya'ya 11 da Abigail ta haifa da Matar Ibrahim Ricardo. Iyalin sun yi hijira daga Holland zuwa Burtaniya jim kadan kafin bayyanar yarinyar. Mahaifin Yaron ya yi aiki a matsayin maballin musayar jari.
A karkashin 14, Dauda yayi yi da a Holland, sannan ya fara daukar kwarewar Ricardo-babban, taimakawa wajen yin aiki a musayar hannun jari na London. Anan, saurayin ya kawo ta kasuwanci, yana halartar aiwatar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Mahaifiyar cikin kwanciyar hankali ya bar ɗan ɗan shekaru 16 na ɗan shekara 16 don babba kuma ya dogara gare shi cikar umarnin da aka yi.
Rayuwar sirri
Lokacin da saurayi ya kasance shekara 21, ya yi aure, ya yi aure, ya yi aure a Wilkinson. Kasancewa sadaukar da kai ga Yahudanci a cikin yara da matasa, hada aure, Ricardo ya yarda da bangaskiyar musayar. Iyayensa sun yi gāba da wannan fifikon addini da ya ba da rashin jituwa. Da Dawuda ya zabi zabi, kuma ya zaɓi yin imani da mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa. Bayan haka, dangi ba su sadarwa.Ricardo bai da bukatar albarkatun kayan duniya, tunda ya rasa goyon baya da goyan baya a cikin nau'i na iyali. A lokacin da ya sami damar watsa adadin daidai yake da albashin Chernobia na shekaru 20. Ya kuma samu kwarewa a fagen ayyukan musayar da kuma ikon tabbatar da kansa, mata da yara. Af, matar da ta gabatar da masanin tattalin arziki na 'yan uwan' yan uwan takwas. 'Ya'yan biyu biyu daga baya sun zama membobin majalisar, ɗayan kuma shi ne jami'in masu tsaron sarki.
Aikin kimiyya
Bayan wata jayayya da iyayen, sai ya fara kirkirar kasuwancin nasa. Ofaya daga cikin gidajen bankunan sun goyan bayan shi. Bayan haka, Ricardo ya iya samun arziki, da ke faruwa a yakin a waterloo. A cewar jaridu na wannan lokacin, a kan wadannan ayyukan, ya sami £ 1. Wannan adadin ya sanya ya yi murabus, ya zama mai mallakar ƙasa.
A waccan lokacin, David Ricardo ba ta da tsunduma cikin aiwatarwa a fagen ayyukan harkar ayyukan, amma ya sadaukar da tarihin rayuwar ka'idar ta. Sha'awa a wannan yankin ta farka daga wani mutum a 1799, bayan da ya sani game da littafin Adamu Adamu Adamu ". Bayan shekaru 10, ya buga labarin labarin da farko na marubucin farko. A cikin 1817, babban aikin Biritaniya aka buga - aikin tattalin arziƙin siyasa da haraji ".
Dauda ya tsunduma cikin binciken batutuwan da suka shafi bukatun azuzuwan daban-daban. Daya daga cikin rikice-rikice mai kaifi wanda ya yi kokarin ganowa, ya zama aikin a kan gurasar da aka shigo da shi a cikin kasar. Sun kawo ribar ga masu mallakar ƙasa, amma ta shafi ma'aikatan da suka sa samfurin tsada. A wannan halin, Ricardo ya kare bukatun masana'antun da aka tilasta neman kudade don kara albashi.
A cikin bazara na 1819, wani mutum ya zama memba a majalisar gumaka kuma ya karɓi wani wuri a majalisa, ya sayi umarni. Masanin tattalin arziki ya sami hoton mai sabuntawa. A zahiri, ya kasance wanda ba sana'a bane, amma ra'ayoyin Vigov, ba kamar Twi ba, ya juya kusa da shi. Mai binciken da aka yi a tarurruka, yana tallafawa yanayin "dokokin abinci", mai tsokaci game da sassaucin tattalin arziƙin, yiwuwar kasuwanci da raguwar jama'a.
The ka'idar ta ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin, wanda ke bayyana babban birni, ka'idar haya da albashi, da kuma ka'idar kuɗi. Latterarshen ya dogara ne akan postulates kama da daidaitaccen na zinare.
Manufar mai bincike wanda aka yi la'akari da cewa jihar kada ta tsoma baki a cikin tattalin arziƙi, da kasuwanci - don samun manyan ƙuntatawa, sun dogara ne da manyan ra'ayoyin:
- Akwai nau'ikan kudaden zuwa azuzuwan da suka dace da azuzuwan, tsakanin su ribar ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yan jari hujja da masu mallakarsu, albashi - masu sayayya.
- Tattalin arziƙi yakamata ya ƙayyade dokokin kan rarraba kuɗi;
- Jihar kada ta shiga cikin samarwa da rarraba. Haraji shine babban nau'in hulɗa tsakanin jihar da mutane. A lokaci guda, dole ne a sa haraji kaɗan don guje wa talauci. Tushen wadatar da al'ummar kasar.
Ricardo shine farkon wanda ya tsara yadda aka bayyana ka'idar caca ta yin amfani da farashin kaya a cikin mahallin gasa. Falsafer yi sharhi a kan ka'idar ci gaba mai ci gaba, ba da labarin dokokin da aka tsara tsakanin azuzuwan tsakanin azuzuwan da ake gudanarwa.
Dauda ya yi imani cewa tare da karuwa da albashi za a sami fashewar lalata. Zai iya haifar da raguwa a adadin nauyin ma'aikata saboda karuwa cikin adadin ma'aikatan da kuma ci gaban shawarwari don ayyukansu. Da yake magana game da rashin aikin yi, masanin tattalin arziki ya yi imani cewa ba wani wuri bane a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwar kasuwa, tunda yawan yawan adadin ya mutu.
Falsafa ta kirkiro da ka'idar faffun abubuwa, imani da cewa kowace ƙasa ta kware a cikin samar da samfuran da suka fi dacewa. A cikin samar da irin wannan kayan ta jihar, farashin yana raguwa. Ka'idar rarraba yanki na rashin aiki wanda aka nuna cewa kasuwancin kyauta yana haifar da ƙwarewar masana'anta na kankare a kowace ƙasa. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwa a cikin yawan kayayyaki da haɓakar amfani a jihohi.
Mutuwa
David Ricardo ya mutu a fall na 1823. Dalilin mutuwa shine kamuwa da cuta daga tsakiyar kunne, wanda ya tsokane Sepsis. Kabarin sanannen masanin tattalin arziki yana cikin wiltshire, a cikin makabarta na St. Nicholas.A cikin litattafan litattafai cikin tattalin arziƙi buga hotuna hotuna na mai kulawa. A cikin littafin "matasa na kimiyya. Rayuwa da kuma dabarun ilimi-masana kimiyya kafin Marx "ya sadaukar da shi ta hannun shugaban da ake kira" David Ricardo: Genius daga City. "
Faɗa
- "Ruwa da iska suna da matukar amfani, suna kai tsaye don zama, duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada, ba za su iya samun wani abu a cikin musayar ba. A akasin wannan, zinari, kodayake amfani da shi a kwatankwacin iska ko ruwa ƙanƙanta ne, musayar kuɗi da yawa. "
- "Don haka, amfanin ba wani ma'aunin musayar bane, kodayake yana da matukar muhimmanci ga wannan ƙarshen. Idan batun bai dace da wani abu ba, a wasu kalmomin, idan bai kasance da bukatunmu ba, za a hana shi musayar shi, ko menene yawan aiki da ake buƙata don karɓar sa. "
- "Kasar ƙasa ita ce babba, ko sasantawa dangane da matakin karko."
- "Wajibi ne don rage samarwa don rage babban birni zuwa kasar; Sabili da haka, idan irin waɗannan [abubuwan samarwa]]] Mutanen da ba su samarwa ba kuma idan haifuwa na shekara-shekara koyaushe suna ƙaruwa da ƙara sauri, kuma hakan zai zama talauci kuma ya lalace. "
Littafi daya
- 1810 - "Babban farashin sanduna na zinariya: tabbacin haifar da banknotes"
- 1815 - "Essay kan tasirin ƙarancin hatsi don yawan amfanin ƙasa"
- 1817 - "farkon tattalin arziƙi da haraji"