I-Biograge
UJohn von Neuman - usosayensi odumile kanye nezazi ezinakekela izibalo, i-physics, ezomnotho, izibalo kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha. Umlobi wemisebenzi engu-150 waba iphayona lokusebenzisa umqondo osebenza kuma-quantum mechanics kanye nesibalo esiphakathi ekuthuthukisweni kwemiqondo ye-cell automata, umklami wendawo yonke kanye nekhompyutha yedijithali. Njengelungu lephrojekthi yeManhattan, uVon Neumanov adale amamodeli wezibalo asetshenziswa ezikhali zenuzi, futhi kamuva waba ngumeluleki weqembu likahulumeni elihlola uhlelo lwe-Arms.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umuntu ozaziyo izwe elizaziyo emhlabeni kaJohn von Neuman, wazalwa ngoDisemba 28, 1903 enhloko-dolobha yaseHungary, eBudapest, emndenini wamaJuda ochumayo. Ubaba uMax Neuman, udokotela wezomthetho, wasebenza ebhange, futhi umama kaMargaret Cann wahola leli pulazi futhi wakhulisa izingane ezintathu. Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo selokhu ubuntwana bukhombisa amakhono amahle kakhulu: Esikhathini seminyaka yesi-6 wahlukanisa ngokukhululekile futhi wandiswa emcabangweni wakhe amade futhi wakhuluma ngesiGrikhi sasendulo.
Ngemuva kokuthola izifundo zokuqala ezivela ku-The OverseNcess, umfana wahlangana neCalculation ehlukile futhi ehlanganisa i-Calculation futhi wafunda amavolumu ambalwa omlando abhalwe nguWilhelm Onken. Lapho uVon Neumann eneminyaka eyi-10, abazali bamthumela baye esikoleni esingcono kakhulu seBudapest, ababengenzi isizukulwane esinye sezingqondo ezinkulu, futhi baqasha abafundisi abazimele ukuba bathuthukise futhi baqinise ulwazi lweNdodana.
Eminyakeni engu-19, le nsizwa yakhipha incwadi lapho incazelo yamanje yezinombolo zokulandelana kwayo, yathatha igama elithi George Kantor, futhi yanqoba umklomelo we-EÖTVÖS National Award. Ubaba wancoma ingqondo yemvelaphi esencane kaNymanan, kepha akazange abone ukusetshenziswa okukhiqizayo kolwazi lwakhe. Ukuya ekuyekethiseni, le nsizwa yavuma ukuba ngunjiniyela wamakhemikhali futhi ifunde izinto ezidingekayo e-University of Berlin iminyaka emi-2. Ngo-1923 wangena esikoleni esiphakeme sezobuchwepheshe saseZurich, kanti ngasikhathi sinye eba ngumuntu ozongenela isayensi yezibalo e-ElTE.
Ngemuva kokuphothula izikhungo zemfundo, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi yadlula ezivivinyweni zokungena eGottingen University of George-Augus, yathola umfundaze waseRockeferer Foundation futhi yathinta umnyango we-Euclidean Jilbert, eyakha a Ukuhlaziywa okusebenzayo.
Ngo-1926, uVon Neumanov uthole iziqu zobudokotela kwizibalo futhi waba ngumfundisi weBerlin University. Ukwahlulela ngesithombe, uthisha we-novice angena emkhathini wasekolishi nezifundo eziholwa njalo, eqhutshwa njalo ebhodini elimbozwe amafomula nokubala. Ekupheleni kuka-1929, uprofesa osemncane we-Privat-Associate washicilela ama-Professar asemqoka angu-32 futhi wathuthela eqenjini lesikhungo semfundo esiphakeme kakhulu sedolobha lasePrinceton, e-United States, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ukuphela kwempilo yakhe.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wezabasebenzi von Neumanna waba yi-dissertation echaza indlela entsha yokuhlela kabusha umbono wamasethi. Usosayensi wahlela izindlela ezi-2 zokuqeda i-russell paradox, wethula imigomo "base Axiom" kanye "nesigaba".
I-Base Axiom yayisho ukwakhiwa kwamasethi kusuka ezansi kuya phezulu nasenhlanganweni yokulandelana, lapho yilowo nalowo wandulela omunye noma wawulandela. Ukukhombisa ukungabi bikho kokuphikisana, uJohn wasebenzisa umqondo wendlela yangaphakathi yemodeli, eyaba ithuluzi eliyisisekelo emsebenzini emcabangweni wesethi.
Ukuchaza indlela yesi-2, ukukhishwa kwe-Mathematical Paradox vox Nenumann yakho kukhombise ukusetha ngomqondo wekilasi futhi kukhombisile amathuba okuba akha iqembu lawo.
Ezihlokweni ezikhishwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920s, u-von uNeumann wazihlukanisa ngegalelo le-Ergodic theory, wabe esewela imibuzo yama-quantum mechanics kanye nokuzithethelela kwawo kwezibalo. Ubhale inqwaba yezindatshana zesayensi kule ndawo futhi wafakazela ukuthi amasistimu we-quantum awayona into edlula iphuzu esikhaleni saseHilbert, lapho opharetha be-linear betholakala khona, okubandakanya amanani ajwayelekile akhona.
Ubufakazi von Neumann banikeze ukuqala kwezifundo ukuvumela ukuthi i-quantum physics idinga umqondo wangempela, noma kufanele ifake phakathi indawo yokungeyona ecacile yethiyori ekhethekile yokubuyisana.
Ukuphikisana ngezinqubo zezibalo ze-Quantum Mechanics, uJohn von Neumann wahlaziya lo mqondo obizwa ngokuthi ukulinganisa futhi waphetha ngokuthi indawo yonke ebonakalayo ingenzeka emsebenzini wegagasi lendawo yonke.
Lokhu kwashukumisela umcwaningi ukuthi avule izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlaziywa okusebenzayo, ukwakhiwa kwethiyori yabasebenza ngokulinganiselwe kanye nokwethulwa komqondo "wokuhlanganiswa okuqondile", okwaletha uJohn umklomelo weSikhumbuzo se-Bochra ngo-1938.
Enye yezinhloso eziningi ze-hungarian matematian kwakuwubufakazi be- "minimax theorem", into edingekayo yethiyori yomdlalo osafufusa. Usosayensi waqonda ukuthi amasu akhona emidlalweni ye-zero-sum, avumela ukubamba iqhaza ngamunye ukuba anciphise ukulahleka kwawo okuphezulu. Umdlali kufanele acabangele konke ukusabela okuphikisana okukhona futhi adlale isu elifanele elizoba yisiqinisekiso sokunciphisa ukulahleka kwalo okukhulu.
Phakathi kuka-1937 no-1939, uVon Neuman wafunda imfundiso yamanga, lapho into yesifundo yayalwa khona ngezingxenye, lapho zonke izinto ezi-2 zinomngcele omkhulu kunabo bonke, futhi kule nqubo zifakazele i-Theorem eyisisekelo elandelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uVon Neumann utshale imali ekuthuthukiseni umnotho, waphrinta imisebenzi ezingeni lobuhlakani nabezetheliwe. Ukuthembela emiphumeleni, uJohn wasungula umbono wobumbano ohlelweni oluqondile futhi waba ngumlobi wendlela yokuqala yangaphakathi yephuzu, ngokususelwa ohlelweni lokuziqhenya.
Okunye ukulunga kukaJohn von Nymanan kubhekwa njengomsebenzi emkhakheni wesayensi yekhompyutha, enikezelwe ekwakhiweni nasekuchazeni ukwakhiwa kwekhompyutha, lapho isisekelo sezinhlelo zokubhala, ukuguqulwa kwenkumbulo kanye nenhlelo lokulawula okungaguquki. Kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha okuqala esizukulwaneni sesizukulwane sokuqala, uJohn, ngokubambisana ne-Alan Turing, kuhlole izinkinga zefilosofi yobuhlakani bokufakelwa, kepha kulolu daba lalingasekhulile.
Ku-hydrodynamics of ukusungula okuyinhloko, isizinda seNeuman sibonwa njenge-algorithm yokuqamba yencazelo ye-algorithm yento yokufakelwa, eyasiza ekuqondeni umsuka wamagagasi athukile. Usosayensi wavula isixazululo se-classic flow futhi wasebenzisa ukumbumbuluzwa kwekhompyutha ukuthi izifundo ze-ballistic kule ndawo.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, uJohn waba uchwepheshe oyinhloko kuma-mathematics amacala ahlanganisiwe, axwayisa amabutho ahlomile ase-United States. Ukuba ngomunye wabadali bebhomu le-athomu, usosayensi waba nomqondo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamalensi aqhuma asetshenziselwa ukucindezela i-plutonium nucleus yesikhali, lapho washeshe wehla eHiroshima naseNagasaki.
Njengelungu lephrojekthi yeManhattan, uVon Neumann wangena ekomitini ekukhetheni izinhloso zebhomu lezinto ze-athomu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezihambisana nokubikezelwa kosayizi wokuqhuma kweziqhumane kanye nenani labantu abafile. I-Matematitian, ongazange ubheke leli khasi le-biography njengehlazo, laba ngamehlo okuhlolwa kokuqala ekugcwalisweni komhlaba eduze ne-Alamogordo Arodrome eduzane negama elithi "UZiqu-zintathu".
Maphakathi nawo-1940s, uJohn wawusekela umbono wokwakheka kwebhomu le-hydrogen futhi, kanye ne-theorist Klaus Fuchs, ilungelo lobunikazi eliyimfihlo lafaka ilungelo lobunikazi eliyimfihlo lokwenza ngcono izindlela nezindlela zokusebenzisa izindlela zenuzi.
Empini yasemuva, uVon Neumann wenza umeluleki wokuhlola uhlelo lwezingalo olwenziwa kuhulumeni, ezempi kanye ne-CIA. Ngo-1955, usosayensi waba yikhomishani u-Indebe futhi wabamba iqhaza ekukhiqizweni kwamabhomu e-compact hydrogen alungele izinto zokuhamba ngamarokhethi e-InterContinental Ballistic Roveles.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1930, uJohane wamukela ubuKatolika futhi wathatha umkakhe intombazane egama linguMarietta Köweshi, owafunda umnotho e-University of Budapest. Ngo-1935, laba bobhashayo babenendodakazi kaMarina, owaba nguprofesa wenqubomgomo yokuphathwa kwebhizinisi nenqubomgomo yezwe eMichigan. Ngesikhathi sokuhambela kukamama, i-von Neumann yathunyelwa nguClara Dan, okwathatha ngokushesha indawo ephakathi nendawo yempilo yezibalo kwathi ngo-1938 kwaba ngumkakhe wesibili.
Lo mndeni omusha wathuthela ePrinceton wahlala efeni eliseChic, eduzane nasesikoleni samabanga aphansi ePark Community Park, eba maphakathi nomphakathi wezemfundo wedolobha laseNyuvesi.
Usosayensi wayehlala emlenzeni obanzi, enaka kakhulu ukubukeka nemvelo yasekhaya, wakuthanda ukudla okumnandi neziphuzo ezibizayo. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi, ukusebenza ekhaya, uVon Neumann wajika i-TV ngevolumu ephelele futhi waphazamisa okuzungezile. Umakhelwane we-Albert Einstein wakhala njalo ngomculo onomsindo waseJalimane, uqhamuka kwiKhabhinethi uJohane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sezibalo sathola idumela njengomshayeli omubi owavuma ukuba afunde le ncwadi ngenkathi eshayela imoto. Lokhu kwavusa izingozi eziningana nokuqhubeka kwezinyathelo ezingenakuphela ngePhoyisa lemigwaqo.
Ukushona
Izinkinga zempilo eNimanana zaqala ngo-1954, lapho odokotela bathola umdlavuza wamathambo. Izimbangela zangempela zalesi sifo azikaziwa, kepha abezimzimba zezimbali zisikisela ukuthi isimila singadala i-irradiation etholwe ngesikhathi somsebenzi kwiphrojekthi yezwe yesibili ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Iminyaka yokugcina kanye nezinyanga zokuphila kwezibalo zaseHungary kwadlula ekuhlushweni kuhlobene nokwenziwa kwesifo. Ebusika, ngo-1957, isimo somzimba sikaNeuman sifuna ukushesha esibhedlela esibhedlela, kepha ukwelashwa kungazange kusize, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 8, usosayensi wafa eWalter Reed Medical Center. Imbangela yokufa yayiyisimila esibi sezicubu zamathambo.