Biography
John von neuman - musayenzi ane mukurumbira uye nyanzvi nyanzvi inonyanyera mune masvomhu, fizikisi, hupfumi, huwandu uye komputa tekinoroji. Iye munyori wemabasa zana nemakumi mashanu akazova piyona kuti ashandise dzidziso yekushandisa kuQuentum Mechanics uye nhamba yepakati mukuvandudzwa kwemanzwiro eCellular otomatiki, mugadziri wepasirese uye komputa yedhijitari. Senhengo yeiyo Manhattan Project, von Neumanov akagadzira masvomhu emasvomhu anoshandiswa mune zvombo zvenyukireya, uye akazova mupi wehurumende kuhurumende kuongorora hurongwa hurongwa.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Munhu anoziva nyika yedzidzo pasi pezita raJohn von neuman, akaberekwa musi waZvita 28, 1903 muguta guru reHungary, Budapest, mumhuri yakabudirira yechiJudha. Baba Max Neuman, chiremba weKurispridence, vakashanda kubhengi, uye amai vaMargaret cann vakatungamira purazi ndokurera vana vatatu. Mugove wezana wechikurumidza kubva achiri mudiki airatidza kugona kunoshamisa: Muzera re6 Akakamurwa akasununguka uye akawedzera mupfungwa dzake refu uye akataura muchiGiriki chekare.
Mushure mekugamuchira zvidzidzo zvekutanga kubva kuhunhu hwekutanga, mukomana akasangana nemusiyano uye akabatanidza Calculus uye akadzidza mavhesi akati wandei enhoroondo yakanyorwa naWilhelm parken. Von neumanani paaive nemakore gumi, vabereki vakamutumira kuchikoro chakanakisa cheBudapest, iyo haina kuumba chimwe chizvarwa chepfungwa hukuru, uye vateereri vakaripira vokusimbisa uye kusimbisa kuziva kweMwanakomana.
Pakazosvika makore 19, jaya rakaburitsa bhuku razvino rondedzero yehuwandu hwenhamba dzakapa, dzakatsiva mazwi aGeorge Kantor, uye akakunda iyo eötvös national award. Baba vakayemura pfungwa dzeboka diki reNymanan, asi havana kuona kushandisa zvakanaka kweruzivo rwake. Kuenda kune kukanganisika, jaya rakabvuma kuve mainjiniya emakemikari uye akadzidza zvinhu zvinodiwa kuYunivhesiti yeBerlin kwemakore maviri. Muna 1923 akapinda chikoro chepamusoro cheZurich, nepo panguva imwe chete achiva mumiriri wemasvomhu emasvomhu muElte.
Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva pane zvese masangano ezvedzidzo, vakaramba vachivandudza uye vakapfuura bvunzo dzekupinda muGeorge-Augure, rakarova dhipatimendi reDavid Hilbert, uyo akatsiva weEuclidean weEUMETRY uye kugadzira a Inoshanda kuongororwa.
Muna 1926, von Neumanov akagamuchira dhigirii remasvomhu uye akave mudzidzisi weBerlin University. Kutonga nemufananidzo, mudzidzisi wepfungwa akakodzera mumhepo yekukoreji uye akakora makirasi, achigara ari mubhodhi akafukidzwa nemafomula uye kuverenga. Pakupera kwa1929, vadiki vevashandi vechidiki vakaburitsa zvinyorwa zvesainzi 32 uye vakatamira kuchikwata cheboka repamusoro reguta rePrinceton, United States, kwaaishanda kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake.
Basa Resainzi
Basa rekutanga guru von neumanna rakava dissertation rinorondedzera maitiro matsva ekurongedza fungidziro yemaseti. Iyo sayenzi yakagadzirwa 2 nzira dzekubvisa Russell paradox, kuunza mazwi ekuti "base axiom" uye "kirasi".
Iyo saxiome axiom yaireva kuvakwa kwemaseti kubva pasi kumusoro uye sangano rekutevedzana, uko imwe neimwe yakaiswa kune imwe kana yakatungamirwa. Kuti aratidze kusavapo kwekupokana, Johane akashandisa pfungwa yemukati yemukati nzira, iyo yakava chishandiso chakakosha mubasa racho pane dzidziso yemaseti.
Kuti utsanangure nzira yechipiri, kusiiwa kwemasvomhu paradox von neumann akazivisa iyo yakaiswa neiyo pfungwa yekirasi uye yakaratidza mukana wekuvaka boka remisasa izvo zvisiri zvako.
Muzvinyorwa zvakabudiswa pakupera kwe1920s, von nouman zvakazvipira kune mupiro wefungidziro ye ergodic, uye ndokuzoyambuka mibvunzo yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemakina uye kururamisa kwemasvomhu. Akanyora zvakati wandei enzvimbo iyi munharaunda ino uye airatidza kuti huwandu hwekushanda hahusi chinhu kunze kwenzvimbo muHilbert nzvimbo, pamusoro pekuti ndedzipi vashandi venhaka, vane huwandu hwenyika.
ProOF neumanan yakapa kutanga kwezvidzidzo kuti vabvumire iyo fizikisi iyo inoda kuti pfungwa yechokwadi, kana inofanira kusanganisira isina-nzvimbo mukuputsa kwehurumende yehukama.
Kupokana nezve nheyo dzemasvomhu dzehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu, John von neumann akaongorora iyo inonzi yekuyera muyedzo uye akagumisa kuti zvakasikwa zvepanyama zvinogona kukonzerwa nebasa rekunze.
Izvi zvakakurudzira muongorori kuti avhure nheyo dzakakosha dzekuongorora kwakakosha, kusikwa kwedzidziso yevashoma vashandisi uye kuiswa kwenhoroondo ye "Sumo yakanangana", iyo yakaunza John muChirangaridzo musi wa1938.
Imwe yeiyo yakawanda yakakodzera yeHungary yemasvomhu yaive chiratidzo cheiyo "SmaXT Reem", chinhu chinodiwa cheiyo yepamhepo yemutambo. Masayendisiti akanzwisisa kuti maheti eaya aive aripo mumitambo yeZero-uru, achibvumira mutambi mumwe nemumwe kuti aderedze kwavo kwakanyanya. Mutambi anofanirwa kufunga nezve zvese zviripo zvezvipikisi zvezvipikisi uye tamba zano rakakwana iro rinozova mugove wekuderedza kurasikirwa kwayo kwakanyanya.
Pakati pa1937 na1939, von neuman vakadzidza dzidziso yedanho rematanda, mune chinhu chedzimwe chinhu chakarayirwa chidimbu chemuganhurini, mune diki diki, uye mune iyo nzira yakaratidza kutevera kunomiririra zita reMiririri.
Uye zvakare, von neumann yakachengetedzwa mukuvandudzwa kwehupfumi, yakadhindwa mabasa pamunhu nehungwaru uye masvomhu mwero wekuranga uku. Vimba nemhedzisiro, John akagadzira dzidziso yerudzi rwemutsara mumutsara emutsara uye akazova munyori wenzira yekutanga yemukati, zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekudada.
Kumwe kudiwa kwaJohn von nymanan kunoonekwa sebasa resainzi yekombiyuta, zvakatsaurirwa kuchivakwa chekombiyuta, kupi kugadziriswa uye kurangarira uye kurangarira shanduko uye kurongedza kudzora. Uchishandisa chizvarwa chekutanga makomputa, Johani, mukubatana neAlan turing, akaongorora matambudziko ehunyanzvi hwehungwaru hwekungwara, asi mune izvi zvaive kure nekufambira mberi.
Mune hydrodynamics yeiyo huru yekugadzirwa, kumashure kweNeumanan kunozivikanwa seyengositi yeAlgorithm, iyo yakabatsira mukunzwisisa chiitiko chemafungu ekuvhunduka. Iyo sayenzi yakavhura kasimusi yekuyerera mhinduro uye yakaisa komputa simulation yezvidzidzo zvebhola munzvimbo ino.
Kubva pakupera kwe1930s, John akava nyanzvi huru mumasvomhu emari dzekugadzira, rairairwa nemauto eUnited States. Kuve mumwe wevagadziri vemabhomba eatomu, musayendisiti akagadzira pfungwa uye dhizaini yekuputika inoshandiswa kufananidza iyo plitonium nucleus ye chombo, chakakurumidza kudonha paHiroshima naNagasaki.
Senhengo yeiyo Manhattan Project, von neumann yakapinda komiti iri kusarudzwa kwezvinangwa zveatomu uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzakabatana neyekufungidzira kwechiputu chechiputika uye nhamba yevakafa. Mathemuziki, uyo aisamboona peji ino ye biography sekunyadzisa, akazova eziso rekutanga bvunzo dzekuputika kuLandonill pedyo neAlamogorDome Arodrome pasi pezita rekuchengetera "Utatu".
Pakati pa1940s, Johani akatsigira pfungwa yekugadzirwa kweiyo hydtirogen uye, pamwe neiyo Theorist Klaus Fuchs, chakavanzika patent chakavanzika patent yekuvandudza nzira dzekuvandudza uye nzira dzekushandisa simba renyukireya.
Muhondo yepositi, von neumanan vakaita zano rekuongorora hurongwa hwakashanda pahurumende, mauto ne cia. Muna 1955, sayenzi akazova mushe mutambi wekusawirirana uye akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweiyo compact hydrogen mabhomba akakodzera kufambisa pane yekufambisa pamatombo emabhora.
Hupenyu Hwako
Muna 1930, Johane akabvuma Catholic 201 ndokutora mukadzi wake musikana anonzi Marietta Köweshi, akadzidza hupfumi muUniversity of Budapest. Muna 1935, vaviri vaviri vaive nemwanasikana Marina, uyo akazova purofesa wekutonga kwebhizinesi uye state mutemo muMichigan. Munguva yekushanya kuAmailand, von noumann vakatakurwa naClara Dani, iyo yakakurumidza kutora nzvimbo iri pakati peupenyu hwomunhu wemasvomhu uye muna 1938 vakava mukadzi wake wechipiri.
Mhuri nyowani yakatamira kuPrinceton uye yakagara muhusiku, iri pedyo nechikoro chepuraimari cheCommunity park park, kuva pakati penharaunda yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo.
Masayenzi airarama pagumbo rakafara, achizotarisisa kutaridzika uye nzvimbo yemusha, aida chikafu chinonaka uye zvinwiwa zvinodhura. Zvinonakidza kuti, kushanda kumba, von neumann vakatendeukira kuTV panguva yakazara vhoriyamu uye vakabatanidza zvakakomberedza. Albert Einstein muvakidzani aigara achigunun'una nemimhanzi yechizunguziro, ichiuya ichibva kuCabinet John.
Mukuwedzera, iyo sampationi yakawana mukurumbira semutyairi akaipa akazvirega kuverenga bhuku richityaira mota. Izvi zvakamutsa tsaona dzinoverengeka uye mitezo isingaperi nemapurisa emigwagwa.
Rufu
Matambudziko ehutano kuNimanana akatanga muna 1954, apo vanachiremba vakawana cancer pfupa. Izvo izvo chaizvo zvikonzero zvechirwere hazvizivikanwe, asi vapirisheya vanoratidza kuti bundu racho raigona kukonzera kuridza rudyo panguva yebasa remuti muhondo yechipiri yenyika.
Makore ekupedzisira nemwedzi yehupenyu hwevaHungary mashematia machemiccs akapfuura ari mukushungurudzwa ane chekuita nezvirwere zvechirwere. Munguva yechando, 1957, mamiriro enyama eNeumanan akadaidzira kuchipatara, asi kurapwa hakuna kubatsira, uye munaFebruary 8, sainzi akafa kuWalter Reed Center. Iko kukonzera rufu yaive bundu rakaipa remapfupa.