Biography
UJohn Von Neunan - Inzululwazi eyaziwayo kunye nabaphengululi abaziingcali kwiMathematics, i-physics, economics, amanani kunye netekhnoloji yekhompyuter. Umbhali wemisebenzi eyi-150 imisebenzi yaba nguvulindlela ukuba asebenzise ithiyori yomsebenzisi ukuya kwi-Cacem kunye nenani eliphambili ekuphuhlisweni kweekhonseptri Amozulu Amozulu Apose, ikhompyuter yedijithali kunye nekhompyuter yedijithali. Njengelungu leprojekthi ye-Manhattan, iVon Neuminanov yadala iimodeli zemathematics ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye kamva zaba ngumcebisi kwiqela likarhulumente elivavanya le nkqubo yengalo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umntu oqhelene naye kwihlabathi le-School phantsi kwegama likaJohn Numin, wazalwa nge-28 kaDisemba ngo-1903 kwikomkhulu laseHungary, iBudapest, kwintsapho yamaYuda echumileyo. Utata MaX noumin, uGqirha weJurispridence, wasebenza ebhankini, noMama kaMargaret Can wakhokela ifama waza wakhulisa abantwana abathathu. Inzululwazi yexesha elizayo ukusukela ebuntwaneni babonisa ubuchule obukhulu: Kwiminyaka eyi-6 wahlulahlula-hlula izikhumbuzo zalo zaYe kwaye wathetha kwisiGrike sakudala.
Emva kokufumana izifundo zokuqala ezivela kwisonga, inkwenkwe yahlangabezana nolwahluko kunye nokuhlawuliswa okwahlukileyo kunye nokufunda imizobo emininzi yembali ebhalwe nguWilhelm Onnin. Xa uVon Neunan wayeneminyaka eli-10 ubudala, abazali bamthumela esona sikolo silungileyo se-budapest, engazange asinikele ngesizukulwana seengqondo ezinkulu, kwaye baqeshe abafundi babucala ukuba bakhule kwaye bomeleze ulwazi loNyana.
Ngeminyaka eli-19, umfana wakhupha impapasho apho inkcazo yangoku yeNombolo yokulandelelana inike khona, ithathe indawo yamagama kaGeorge Kantor, kwaye waphumelela imbasa ye-ETTVös. Utata wavuma ingqondo yemvelaphi encinci yeNymanan, kodwa engakhange abonakale ukusebenzisa kwakhe ulwazi. Ukuya kulalane, le ndoda ivumile ukuba yinjineli ye-chemist kwaye ifunde izinto eziyimfuneko kwiDyunivesithi yaseBerlin iminyaka emi-2. Ngo-1923 wangena kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseTurich, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye abe ngumgqatswa weeSayensi zeMathematics kwi-Elte.
Emva kokuphumelela kumaziko emfundo, lo mfana uqhubekile eyokuphucula kwaye egqibile iimviwo kwiDyunivesithi yaseGeorge-Augus, owafumana isebe likaDavid Hillbert, owathi benza ihlazo le-Euclidetan ye-Euclidean kunye nokudala i Uhlalutyo lokusebenza.
Ngo-1926, iVon Neuminanov ifumene isidanga sogqirha kwiMathematics kwaye waba ngumhlohli weyunivesithi yaseBerlin. Ukugweba ngefoto, i-novice titshala ingena kwikholeji yekholeji nakwiiklasi ze-LED, ihlala ikwiBhodi egqunywe ziifomula kunye nezibalo. Ekupheleni kuka-1929, uNjingalwazi wase-Perupot oNcingeni lwaseAfrika wapapasha amanqaku angama-32 wesayensi kwaye wafudukela kwiqela lelona ziko lemfundo liphezulu lesixeko sasePriceloton, eUnited States, apho wayesebenza khona de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
I-von yokuqala ye-von noNanunna yaba yi-dissertation echaza indlela entsha yokuqalisa imfundiso ye-SET. Inzululwazi yesayensi yenziwa 2 yokuphelisa i-russell paradox, yazisa icandelo "Axiom" kunye "neklasi".
Isiseko se-axiom sithetha ukuba ukwakhiwa kweeseti ukusuka ezantsi kunye nombutho wokulandelelana, apho i-STED nganye yandulela kwenye okanye ihambile emva kwayo. Ukubonisa ukungabikho kokungabikho kokuchasana, uJohn wafaka umxholo wendlela yemodeli yangaphakathi, eye yaba sisixhobo esisisiseko emsebenzini kwimfundiso yeseti.
Ukuchaza indlela yesibini, ukukhutshwa kwe-paradox yemathematics neununn ichonge iseti yomxholo weklasi kwaye wabonisa ukubakho kokwakha iqela leeseti ezingabenzanga.
Kumanqaku akhutshwe ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1920, uVon Neumin wahlulahlula ngokwemirhumo kwi-ErGGGODIC ithi thessory, emva koko wawela imibuzo yoomatshini wezibalo kunye nezizathu zemathematini. Ubhale inani lezincoko zesayensi kule ndawo kwaye langqina ukuba iinkqubo zenani azikho zizinto ezingaphezulu kwendawo yeHilbert, apho abaqhubi be-hilbert bekukho khona, kubandakanya amanani aqhelekileyo.
Ubungqina uVon Neunan unike isiqalo sezifundo zokuvuma ukuba i-Treatum Phqonks ifuna ukuba inyani yenyani, okanye kufuneka ibandakanye i-non-realction yethiyori ekhethekileyo yobuhlobo.
Ukuxambulisana ngemithetho yezibalo yendlela yexabiso, uJohn Von Neumann wahlalutya i-Ithisi yokulinganisa kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba indalo ebonakalayo inokubangelwa ngumsebenzi wamaza ehlabathi.
Oku kwabangela umphengululi ukuvula imigaqo esisiseko yohlalutyo, ukudalwa kwethiyori yabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo kunye nokungeniswa komxholo othi "BONA BREATE PROUMIL NGO-1938.
Omnye we-ririt ye-HungarIather yaseHungary yayibubungqina bokuba "Minimax Theorem", into eyimfuneko yethiyori yoMdlalo ophumayo. Inzululwazi iqonda ukuba izicwangciso-qhinga zazikho kwimidlalo ye-zero-sub, ivumela umntu ngamnye athathe inxaxheba ukunciphisa ilahleko yabo ephezulu. Umdlali kufuneka athabathe ingqalelo yonke indlela esele ikho yomchasi kwaye idlale isicwangciso esiliqili esiya kuba sisiqinisekiso sokunciphisa ilahleko ephezulu.
Phakathi kowe-1937 nowe-1939, uVon Neunun wafunda ithiyori ye-latrice, apho into efundwayo ibimiselwe ngokuyintloko iiseti, khona zonke izinto eziphantsi, kwaye kule nkqubo ibonakalise le theorem.
Ukongeza, uVon Neumann ukutyalwa koqoqosho, iprintwe imisebenzi yenqanaba lengqondo neliMathematics. Ukuthembela kwiziphumo, uJohn wayila imfundiso yenkqubo ye-intanethi kwaye waba nguMbhali wendlela yokuqala yangaphakathi, esekwe kwinkqubo yekratshi.
Omnye umongo u-John Nyman uthandane naye ukuba ungumsebenzi kwicandelo lezeNzululwazi lekhompyuter, ekunikezelweni kwendalo kunye nenkcazo yokusebenza kwekhompyuter, i-homogeneity kunye nokuqulunqwa kweMeko, inkqubo yokulawula, kunye nenkqubo yokulawula imeko. Besebenzisa iicomputer zokuqala, uJohn, ngokubambisana no-Alan Tuarry, wakhangela iingxaki zentanda-bulumko yobulumko, kodwa kule nto ibikude kakhulu.
Kwi-hydrodynamics ye-hydrodynamics yoyilo oluphambili, imvelaphi yaseNauminan ithathelwa ingqalelo njenge-algorithm ye-algorithm, encedisa ekuqondeni imeko yamaza othusayo. Inzululwazi ivule isisombululo sokuhamba kancinci kwaye isetyenziswa i-Imple Comming yeKhompyuter yeZikolo eziBala kule ndawo.
Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930, uYohane waba yingcali ephambili kwimathematics yexabiso elixhobileyo, lacebisa imikhosi yaseMelika. Ukuba ngomnye wabadaliweyo kwibhombu yeatomic, inzululwazi iphuhlise umxholo kunye noyilo lweelensi zokuqhushumba ezisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela i-placle i-nuss ye-plutonium yesixhobo, esathi saphosa iHiroshima naseNagasaki.
Njengelungu leprojekthi ye-manhattan, uVon Neununn wangena kwikomiti ekukhetheni iinjongo zebhombu yeatom kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezinxulumene noqikelelo lobungakanani kunye nenani labantu abafileyo. Ingcali yeMathematics, engazange ithathele ingqalelo eli phepha lebhayiloji njengelihlazo, yaba yinto esweni iimvavanyo zokuqhushumba okuphangaleleyo kwi-Alamogo Afderdo Afdeder "Telinity".
Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1940, uYohane waxhasa umbono woyilo lwebhombu ye-hydrogen kwaye, i-theortist klaus fuchnt, ipatent eyimfihlo ifake ilungelo lokufihla ngokuphucula iindlela kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa amandla enyukliya.
Kwimfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe, uVon Neunan wenza umcebisi wokuvavanya inkqubo yengalo esebenze kurhulumente, emkhosini nakwi-CIA. Ngo-1955, iSayensi yaba ngumKemishinara ongaguqukiyo kwaye wathatha inxaxheba ekuvelisweni kwee-quarting ze-qungrogen ze-hydrogen ezifanelekileyo kwizothutho kumarokhethi edibeneyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1930, uYohane walwamkela ubuKatolika waza wamthabatha umfazi wakhe intombazana egama linguMarietta Köwehi, ofunda uqoqosho kwiDyunivesithi yeBudapest. Ngo-1935, isibini sasinentombi yaseMarina, eyaba nguNjingalwazi woLawulo lweShishini kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente eMichigan. Xa wayetyelele kwi-Tandaland, i-von Neumin yathunyelwa nguClara Dan, ngokukhawuleza uthathe indawo ephakathi kubomi bemathematics kwaye ngo-1938 yaba ngumfazi wakhe wesibini.
Intsapho entsha yafudukela ePrinceton kwaye yazinza kwi-Chich Estate, ekufuphi nesikolo samabanga aphantsi soluntu, ukuba liziko loluntu lokufunda lemfundo kwidolophu yaseyunivesithi.
Inzululwazi yayihlala kumlenze obanzi, inikela ingqalelo kwinkangeleko kunye nemeko yekhaya, yokufumana ukutya okumnandi kunye neziselo ezibizayo. Inomdla kwinto yokuba, esebenza ekhaya, uVon Neumin wajika kwiTV ngevolumu epheleleyo kwaye ephazamisana ne-over. UAlbert Einstein wakhala ngokukhalazwa ngumculo waseJamani waseJamani, ovela kwiKhabhinethi uYohane.
Ukongeza, iMathematics ifumene igama njengoMqhubi ongendawo ozivumele ukuba afunde le ncwadi ngelixa eqhuba imoto. Oku kucaphukisa iingozi ezininzi kunye neenkqubo ezingapheliyo kunye namapolisa endlela.
Ukufa
Iingxaki zempilo eNimana zaqala ngo-1954, xa oogqirha bafumanisa umhlaza. Izizathu zokwenyani zesifo azikwazi, kodwa abaphathi beebhayimani bathi ithumba linokubangela i-irradiation ifunyenwe ngexesha lomsebenzi kwiprojekthi ye-Atomic ngexesha lemfazwe yesibini ye-Atomic ngexesha lemfazwe yesibini ye-Atomic ngexesha lemfazwe yesibini yehlabathi.
Iminyaka ephelileyo kunye neenyanga zobomi bemathematics yaseHungary idluliselwa kwintuthumbo enxulumene nokuphindaphinda kwesi sifo. Ebusika, ngo-1957, imeko yomzimba kaNeuminan ifuna ukunyangwa esibhedlele ngokungxamisekileyo, kodwa unyango aluzange luncede, kwaye ngoFebruwari 8, iSayensi ibhubhile kwiZiko lezonyango. Unobangela wokufa yayiyinto engathandekiyo yezicubu zethambo.