Isibhakabhaka esibusuku esicacile sigcwele inani elingenakubalwa lezinkanyezi. Futhi phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ezikude nasesikhathini sesintu futhi zihlakazeke endaweni engenamkhawulo yelanga elide, umthala, izimbobo ezimnyama nezinye izinto ezinelukuluku, ziyeza ngezimpawu zazo, ngoba zine isisindo esihlaba umxhwele ngobukhulu obungenakuvinjwa. Kumayelana nokuthi yini inkanyezi ye-neutron, into yezinkanyezi eqhubeka nokuphazamisa izingqondo ezivumayo zososayensi, ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezingama-24cm.
Ukwedlula izinkanyezi ze-neutron ziyahlukahluka
I-Neutron Stars incane kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye esindayo - isisindo sabo siqhathaniswa nelanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi sidlula.
Abaculi abangajwayelekile kakhulu
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwezinkanyezi ezivela eJalimane, inqwaba yezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi ezingathandi ngezinye izikhathi idlula inqwaba yelanga ngezikhathi ezi-2, kanti irediyo yazo eyisilinganiso ingu-10-20 km. Uma uthatha isipuni sanoma iyiphi into ebusweni bomhlaba - isisindo salo ngeke sibe yikhilogremu, ngenkathi udaba lwevolumu elifanayo lithathwe emathuneni ezincwadi eziminyene kakhulu ze-neutron zedlula inani elilingana namashumi ayisithupha ezigidigidi zamathani .
I-Neutron Stars ihlelwe kanjena: ingaphezulu labo - noma amagxolo - liqukethe ama-athomu nuclei kanye nama-elektroni, ivolumu esele livezwa ngesimo se- "neutron liquid", kanye nomnyombo kutholakala enkabeni. Ukwakheka kwezendlalelo kuhlukaniswe ngokwemibi zibe izingxenye ezinhlanu: umkhathi, isakhiwo sangaphandle nesaphakathi se-cortex, umnyombo ongaphandle nojulile.
Ngenxa yobuningi obuphezulu bento ye-neutron stars, elilingana nesilinganiso se-10 ^ 19 kg / m ^ 3, futhi usayizi omncane wakhelwa ukusheshisa ukuwa kwamahhala ebusweni, kunomhlaba u-100 billion. Amandla adonsela phansi omzimba we-cosmic muhle kakhulu futhi asheshe aqine into ewela kuyo, okuthi uma uthintana namagxolo, ukushaywa kuzoba amandla ashubile ahlukanise ama-neutrons.
Kuvela kanjani izinkanyezi ze-neutron
Izinto zesikhala ezibhekwayo zivela ngemuva kokuqhuma kweSupernova. Ngemuva kokuqeda inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, babhekelwa ku- "metamorphosis" eziningana. Embuzweni wokuthi yiziphi izinkanyezi ziphenduka i-neutron, kungenzeka ukuthi uphendule ngokulandelayo: izidumbu ze-cosmic ezinesisindo esanele, ngokwesibonelo, ziguqulwa zibe izingqimba zangaphandle futhi ziguqulwa zaba yizakhiwo ezimhlophe; Uma isisindo sifinyelela umaki odingekayo, ngemuva kokuwa, iLuminaire iphenduka ibe umgodi omnyama, uma kungenjalo, bese kuba yi-Neutron Star.Isifundo Sendaba
I-Neutron yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1932 ngoJames Chadwick. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangaphambi kwalomcimbi, usosayensi ovela ezweni lase-USSR kule ndaba yalo ephrintiwe ebusika lango-1931 wabikezela ukuthi ukwephulwa kwemithetho yama-quantum mechanics kwakungekho kude. I-Soviet Physistist theoretics iyaqiniseka ukuthi kuzovela okufanayo nalokhu: Lapho ubuningi bento bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba izinhlayiya ze-athomu zizobe zixhumeka, ukwakheka komnyombo owodwa omkhulu kuzokwenzeka.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1933, izazi zezinkanyezi ezimbili, uFritz Zwick noWalter Baade, baveze isitatimende sokuqala esiphikelelayo mayelana neqiniso lokuthi kunento enjalo njenge-neutron star. Ososayensi baqokeze izizathu eziningi ekuvikeleni umqondo wabo wokwakhiwa kweNeutron Sning ngemuva kokuqhuma kweSupernova. Lezi zifundo zikhombisile ukuthi imisebe evela ezincwadini ze-neutron ayimisiwe ngenxa yezinga elinganele lemishini yalokho.
1967, iCambridge. UJoselin Bell uthole imisakazo yeRadio Pulses evela ezinkanyezini, okuthi, ngokuya ngemininingwane yanamuhla, kubalwa esigabeni sama-cosmic we-cosmic amabijithali kakhulu, abizwa ngokushesha, umcimbi oholele ekuvuleni inkanyezi yokuqala ye-neutron.
Izinhlobo ze-Neutron Stars
Izinto ze-Neutron Space zisebenzisana nendaba ezungezile ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziphambili - Ijubane lokujikeleza kanye nezinga lensimu kazibuthe. Njengoba izidalwa ezinjalo zikhula, zihamba kancane, ezifaka ubuthakathaka bensimu kazibuthe, ngakho-ke zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Uhlu lwezinto ze-neutron ngokulandelana kokunciphisa isikhathi sokujikeleza:
1) Ejeva:
Izinga eliphakeme lamandla kazibuthe kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuvukelwa. Emisebeni ekhethekile yokujikeleza kwensimu, ijubane lisondela ukukhanya. Ukushiya umkhawulo wale radius, insimu ejwayelekile ye-Dipole ayikwazi ukusebenza, ngakho-ke, kwenzeka ama-Cliffs, ngemuva kwalokho izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zithunyelwa esikhaleni se-Inderdellar. Inkanyezi iqala "ukukhipha" (ukukhulula) izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe. Emhlabeni, ama-ejectors abalwa kuma-radio moles.
2) "Abaxhasi":
Ngenxa yejubane eliphansi lokuvukelwa, akukho ukuzalwa kwezinhlayiya, ngokubheka ukuthi uhlobo lwento ethathwa lungakwazi yini ukuba ngumsakazo. Kodwa-ke, ijubane elishayelwe ngokwanele ngakho-ke leyo ndaba ingaweli ebusweni.
3) ACCRETORTER:
Ijubane lincishiswa kakhulu kangangokuba lolu daba luwela ngokukhululekile emzimbeni we-neutron, ukufudumeza izigxobo zalo nokuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kwezigidi zama-degree. Ulwelwe, into iqala ukukhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ngoba ngalesi sizathu izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-X-ray Pulsars.
4) Ama-georotators:
Ijubane lokuvukelwa lincane, elingaphazamisi ukucekelwa phansi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa kasayizi okhethekile we-magnetosphere, amandla kazibuthe avimba i-plasma ngaphambi kokuba iba namandla adonsela phansi. Isimo esifanayo senzeka ekukhuleni komhlaba.
5) Ergoors:
QundSxate theorortically, uhlobo olukhona lwezinto ze-neutron nge-ergosphere, ukwakheka kwawo, mhlawumbe, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinkanyezi ezimbili ezijikelezayo ze-neutron.
"Magnetic" Stars
Izinkanyezi zalesi sigaba zibonakaliswa ngamandla kazibuthe aqine kakhulu ezigidini zezigidi zedlula amandla anoma yiziphi izikhathi ezenziwe ngobuhlakani nezikhathi ze-trillion - insimu yomhlaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, ububanzi bale mizimba cishe buhlukile kwe-neutron Shums futhi ngu-10-20 km.Ngawo-1980 wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, i-hypothesis yavela ukuthi abaphindaphindayo be-gamma kanye nama-x-ray pulsars ahlukahlukene we-magnetarov.
Ngo-1979, ukuba khona kwezinto ezibhekwayo kwaqala ukusola ngo-1979, lapho ama-Drones ama-Soviet Coosmic angu-Soviet, alahlwa emkhathini waseVenus, amangazwa ngemisebe ye-gamma eningi. Lo mcimbi uholele eqinisweni lokuthi ososayensi baqopha amanani angejwayelekile - esikhundleni se-pulses ejwayelekile eyi-100, izibalo zikhonjiswa ngezinkulungwane ezingama-200 ngomzuzwana. Umcimbi owenzekile wabizwa ngokuthi yigagasi elinamandla kakhulu lemisebe ye-extralar gamma kusuka owake wabonakala.
Isici sokuzijabulisa
Cishe ama-5% ezinto ze-neutron abonakala ngesici esilandelayo: zikhona ezinhlelweni eziphindwe kabili - zixhunywe emidlalweni emhlophe, imidondoshiya ebomvu noma ezinye izinkanyezi ze-neutron.
Ukucabanga kokuba khona endaweni yonke yezinkanyezi eziphindwe kabili kwaqala ukuvezwa nguJohn Michell ngo-1767 emphakathini waseRoyal: Waphawula ukuthi izikhamu eziningi zeCosmic zibonwe njengembili, zinokuxhumana okugcwele ngokomzimba.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2003, izazi zezinkanyezi zase-Australia zathola uhlelo lokuqala oluphindwe kabili ngama-pulsars amabili, okungukuthi, okubandakanya imizimba emibili ehlobene ne-neutron.
Izinkanyezi ezidumile zeNoutn
Ososayensi bavula izinto ezingaphezu kuka-2000 ze-neutron, ama-90% awo ayizinkanyezi ezizodwa, okusele okuqukethe izinhlelo zenkanyezi. Ngokokucwaninga ngumphakathi wesayensi, kumthala wethu utholakala ezigidini eziyi-100 kuya kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezigidini eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zezigidi eziyizinkulungwane.I-Pulsar PSR J0740 + 6620 yaba yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke - isisindo sayo singu-2.17 wesisindo selanga esinekhilomitha engama-20-25. Kutholakala ngonyaka we-2019 futhi kutholakala eminyakeni engu-4600 elula emhlabathini. Kunezinkanyezi ezimbalwa ze-neutron kuphela, isisindo sawo adlula ilanga amahlandla ama-2. Ukuvulwa kwento kuzosiza ukwakheka kwe-equation engasakhelwanga - kususelwa kuwo kuzothola isimo sendaba ekujuleni kwemizimba yeNeutron.
Ithambo
Ezinganekwaneni zasendulo, ukushiwo komcimbi we-infernal kutholakala kaningi lapho into yesikhala esiyindilinga indiza emhlabathini, ibizwa ngokuthi ilanga lesibili. Ukusuka kwizimpikiswano ezahlukahlukene, kungenzeka ukuthi ucabange ukuthi ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga kukhona umzimba wesibhakabhaka wosayizi omkhulu, ohamba uzungeze maphakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyi-4-5. Abantu basendulo bambiza ngokuthi i-titon, inyoka yomlilo, i-jellyfish gorgon, njll.
Ngokusobala, kubhekiswa kuhlobo lwe-neutron of the "propeller" uhlobo, olushiswe yizinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi isisindo sehle ngemuva kokuphuma kwe-neutron kusuka kumagxolo awo.
Incazelo yokusondela kwe-typhon eya emhlabeni echazwe ngu-Apollodor ngo-146 BC. E., Udonsela isithombe sentuthumu yenganekwane ethotshiswe ngamasongo kanye nezinkanyezi zesifo sohlangothi lwezinkanyezi zikadrako. Intaba ekhulayo kanye nesandla esinomusa entshonalanga nasempumalanga. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi ombhali wasendulo, i-TIFON yayinobukhulu obukhulu futhi basakaza amatshe abhalwe phansi ngomlilo.
UPliny "emlandweni wemvelo" iminyaka engama-77 Ns. Wabhala nge-comet eyethusayo, eyabonwa ngabantu baseTopiya naseGibhithe. Ujikelezise njengoYula, wesabe abantu futhi wethule ethukile. UThophon, uVlaadyka walesosikhathi, wayalwa ukuba igama lomlilo negama lakhe.
Ukushiwo okushiwo kuyingxenye yalokho abantu basendulo abakhuluma ngakho ngomzimba we-cosmic, okuphoqelekile futhi aphoqelele ukubheka esibhakabhakeni. I-Neutron Star - mhlawumbe kwakuyimbangela yokwesaba abantu basendulo. Nokho, izinkanyezi nezinye izinto zesikhala bezilokhu zikhangwa ukunaka kwesintu, zikujabulele ukucabanga, zithakazelisa futhi ziphoqelekile ukuthi zicabange ukuthi ema-cosmos angaziwa, futhi adinga ulwazi.