Clear night sky is littered with the countless number of stars. And among all kinds of varieties distant from the cradle of mankind and scattered in the infinite space of the universe of distant suns, galaxies, black holes and other curious objects, the space bodies are coming, surprising with their own characteristics, for they have an impressive mass with strikingly non-religious dimensions. It is about what is a neutron star, an astronomical object that continues to disturb the inventive minds of scientists, in the material 24cm.
Than neutron stars differ from ordinary
Neutron stars are incredibly small and at the same time heavy - their mass is comparable to sunny, and sometimes even exceeds it.
The most unusual artists
According to studies of astrophysicists from Germany, the mass of unwilling neutron stars sometimes exceeds the mass of the Sun in more than 2 times, while their average radius is 10-20 km. If you take a teaspoon of any substance from the surface of the Earth - its mass will be no more kilogram, while the matter of the same volume taken from the bowels of the most dense neutron stars exceeds the value equal to tens of billions of tons.
Neutron stars are arranged as follows: their surface - or bark - consists of atomic nuclei and electrons, the remaining volume is presented in the form of a "neutron liquid", and the core is located in the center. The structure of the layers is conventionally divided into five parts: the atmosphere, the external and internal structure of the cortex, the outer and deep core.
Due to the high density of the substance of neutron stars, which is equal to an average of 10 ^ 19 kg / m ^ 3, and the tiny size is formed to accelerate the free fall on the surface, superior to the earth 100 billion. The gravity of such a cosmic body is so great and so strongly accelerates the object falling on it, which in the case of contact with the bark, the blow will be such a force that instantly split substance for neutrons.
How neutron stars appear
The space objects under consideration are originated after the supernova explosion. After completing the evolution process, they are subjected to several "metamorphosis." To the question of which stars turn into neutron, it is possible to respond as follows: the cosmic bodies with insufficient mass, for example, like the sun, deprive the outer layers and are converted into white dwarfs; If the mass reaches the required mark, after the collapse, the luminaire turns into a black hole, if not, then in the neutron star.Story study
Neutron was first discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick. However, even before this event, a scientist from the USSR Land Landau in its material printed in the winter of 1931 predicted that the violation of the laws of quantum mechanics was not far off. The Soviet physicist theoretics assured that it will appear similar to this: when the density of the substance is so big that the atomic particles will be in close connection, the formation of one huge core will occur.
In early 1933, two astronomers, Fritz Zwicks and Walter Baade, voiced the first persistent statement regarding the fact that there is such an object as a neutron star. Scientists have nominated a number of justifications in defense of their own concept of the formation of neutron shining after a supernova explosion. These studies have demonstrated that radiation emanating from neutron stars are not fixed due to the insufficient level of optical equipment of that era.
1967, Cambridge. Joselin Bell discovered radio pulses emanating from stars, which, according to today's information, is ranked to the category of highly magnetized and rapidly rotating neutron cosmic bodies, called pulsars, is an event led to the opening of the first neutron star.
Types of neutron stars
Neutron space objects interact with the surrounding matter in two main criteria - rotation speeds and the level of the magnetic field. As such bodies develop, they become slower, which entails the weakening of the magnetic field, so they are divided into different types.
List of neutron objects in the order of reducing the period of rotation:
1) Ejectors:
High level of magnetic field and low degree of revolutions. On a special radius of field rotation, speed is nearing light. Leaving the limits of this radius, a typical dipole field is not able to work, therefore, cliffs occur, after which the charged particles are sent to the interstellar space. The star begins to "eject" (releasing) relativistic charged particles. On Earth, ejectors are counted to radio moles.
2) "Propellers":
Due to the low speed of revolutions, there are no ejection of particles, in view of which the considered type of object is not able to be a radiohulsar. However, the dialed speed is enough so that matter does not fall on the surface.
3) accretors:
The speed is reduced so much that the matter freely falls on the neutron body, warming up its poles and raising the temperature of millions of degrees. Warring, the substance begins to emit a bright glow, for this reason such objects are called X-ray pulsars.
4) Georotators:
The speed of revolutions is small, which does not interfere with the accretion. However, due to the special sizes of the magnetosphere, the magnetic field stops the plasma before it becomes gravity. A similar phenomenon occurs in the Earth's magnetosphere.
5) Ergoors:
Thunderstand the theoretically, the existing type of neutron objects with ergosphere, the formation of which, presumably, occurs as a result of the merger of two rotating neutron stars.
"Magnetic" stars
The stars of this class are characterized by an incredibly strong magnetic field that in millions of times exceeds the power of any created artificially magnet and trillion times - the field of the Earth. At the same time, the diameter of these bodies is almost no different from those in neutron shums and is 10-20 km.In the 1980s of the last century, a hypothesis appeared that soft gamma repeaters and abnormal X-ray pulsars are a variety of magnetarov.
In 1979, the existence of the objects under consideration began to suspect in 1979, when the two Soviet cosmic drones, discarded into the atmosphere of Venus, were amazed by a colossal gamma radiation. This event led to the fact that scientists recorded abnormal numbers - instead of the usual 100 pulses, the figures were shown in 200 thousand per second. The event that occurred was called the most powerful wave of extralar gamma radiation from ever seen.
Entertaining feature
About 5% of neutron objects are characterized by the following feature: exist in double systems - they are connected to white dwarfs, red giants or other neutron stars.
The assumption of presence in the Universe of Double Stars was first voiced by John Michell in 1767 in the Royal Society: he noted that many cosmic luminaries observed as double, have a full physical connection.
In early 2003, Australian radio astronomers found the first double system with two pulsars, that is, consisting of two gravitationally related neutron bodies.
Famous neutron stars
Scientists open more than 2000 neutron objects, 90% of them are single stars, the remaining consist in star systems. According to research by the scientific community, in our galaxy is located from 100 million to 1 billion neutron bodies.Pulsar PSR J0740 + 6620 turned out to be the greatest of all - its mass is 2.17 of the mass of the Sun with a diameter of 20-25 kilometers. It is found in 2019 and is located in 4600 light years from the ground. There are only a few neutron stars, the mass of which exceeds the sunny 2 times. The opening of the object will help the formation of a not yet created equation - based on it will find out the state of matter in the depths of neutron bodies.
Typhon
In ancient legends, the mention of an infernal event is repeatedly found when a strange space object flew over the ground, called the second sun. Stripping from different arguments, it is possible to assume that in our solar system there is a celestial body of the giant sizes, which moves around the central shone with a periodicity of 4-5 thousand years. The peoples of antiquity called him a titon, fire snake, jellyfish Gorgon, etc.
Apparently, it refers to the neutron stars of the "propeller" type, whose matter burned down as a result of evolutionary processes, and the mass decreased after the neutron emission from its bark.
Description of the approximation of Typhon to the Earth outlined by Apollodor in 146 BC. e., draws an image of the mythical smoke condensed by rings and the stars of the stroke of the stroke of the dragon stars. The overgrown mountain and the gentle hand to the west and east. According to the records of the ancient author, the Tifon was immense sizes and spread the stones bordered by fire.
Pliny in "Natural History" 77 years NS. He wrote about the frightening comet, which was observed by the people of Ethiopia and Egypt. She rotated like Yula, scaring the people and introducing into horror. Typhon, Vladyka of that time, instructed to name a fireball with his name.
The mentioned mentions are only a part of what the ancient people talk about the cosmic body, which scarecrow and forced to peering into the sky. The neutron star - perhaps it was the cause of the fear of the peoples of antiquity. Anyway, the stars and other space objects have always been attracted to themselves the attention of mankind, they excited the imagination, fascinated and forced to think that in the endless cosmos, a mass of unknown and in need of knowledge.